Britain and the empire The Great Irish Famine Essay

England and the realm The Great Irish Famine - Essay Example This exposition will concentrate on Christine Kinealy’s discoveries on the starvation, for the most part identified with the relationship of Britain and Ireland during the long stretches of the starvation including relationship of the starvation with places of worship, with government, and the patriot development. Since the time the starvation happened in 1845, there have been various books and writing works distributed on it, yet crafted by Kinealy has taken the starvation writing to another level. Kinealy utilizes numerous sources and exploration materials that were in any case not used to assess the starvation. With these sources, she exhibited another part of the starvation with the relationship of Ireland and Britain during the starvation. She concentrated on the job of the legislature and furthermore on the significance of sparing carries on with through private cause. Another angle which Kinealy centers around is the food gracefully which nobody had ever talked about previously. She discussed how Ireland created enough food significantly after the potato scourge. It was her work which gave another vision to the effect of the starvation and the angles which were given least consideration. The book is an assessment of Kinealy’s overview A Death Dealing Famine which she led in 1997. Her expectation towards this book was not to give a general history, however to inspect the starvation through the quantity of various settings and through her account. On her examination of various settings, there is new material introduced on good cause, memory, and the strict reaction. The translation of Kinealy is indistinguishable from the questionable case in 1997 that Ireland had as a general rule not endured with shortage of food and the starvation was counterfeit. Kinealy did a great deal of examination on the starvation and decided to expound on her belief system. Her book was exceptionally reprimanded as it gave an alternate yet evident image of the Irish starvation after around 50 years of confusion. Her view and exploration really

Public Schools Are The Building Blocks Of Our Societies. They Can Be C

State funded schools are the structure squares of our social orders. They can be considered our essential instruments. In spite of the fact that these establishments of learning assume such a significant job, they can't give as well as can be expected, because of their various imperfections. It is obvious that these issues exist by the quantity of school dropouts, falling grades, and expanded number of revealed violations. These issues all blend, with each other. Some can even be immediate reasons for one another. At the end of the day, by making the vital changes, for at any rate one of the issues, each issue could profit. With the assistance of some fundamental strategies and techniques, change of government funded schools is conceivable. A fundamental case of this can be seen managing the issue of stuffed schools. When there are such a large number of understudies in a class, everybody endures. Instructors have a hard sufficient opportunity, attempting to keep a normal size class centered. Understudies are additionally influenced, in light of the fact that instructors can't invest enough energy with them independently. The congestion isn't just an immediate impact of the world's developing populace, but on the other hand is brought about by the absence of government spending. To manufacture another school, costs would be brought about for the development, designing, and outfitting of the school. For sure, foundation recreation, for example, roads, sewers, and utilities, can be expensive. An answer for this is for schools to be open all year. All year training (YRE) is one of the least complex and most financially savvy approaches to manage the deficient homeroom space. A school on an all year schedule, has understudies in class for around 242 days, every year, (Brekke, 1992). In this sort of tutoring, rather than having on long get-away, understudies would have a few littler breaks. YRE is the most ideal approach to teach kids, without compromising. Clearly, it costs more to keep a school open for 242 days, instead of 180. All staff, caretakers, medical attendants, and advisors, must be close by, for the entire year. In fact, it is more affordable to keep a school open, for the entire year. At the point when you take a gander at the per-student cost, there are incredible investment funds (Brekke, 1992). Other than being financially savvy, there are numerous focal points in having children going to class all year. Youngsters won't overlook such a great amount of data, over brief breaks, contrasted with what they would overlook over long get-aways. Understudies would likewise have the option to progress snappier, in light of the fact that instructors would not need to sit around surveying. This is particularly evident, for those understudies whom English is a subsequent language. A lion's share of the all year schools have understudies going to during various times of the year. Three gatherings of kids would be in school, while one gathering would be in the midst of a get-away ( ). This would take into account considerably more understudies to go to a similar school. A school that would regularly hold 1000 understudies would now have the option to house 1300. The production of contract schools, would be the following best thought, to deal with congestion. During the 1960's, instructors started searching for better approaches to manage the issue of stuffed schools. For the most part to a limited extent to court-requested integration laws, educational systems started opening up strength schools. Regardless of whether a kid was learning incapacitated or was considered in danger, schools to help their specific needs rose. By 1988, the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) supported the contract idea (Federal, 1997). Sanction schools are very like state funded schools. These schools are allowed to people in general. There is no segregation in the choice procedure. All neighborhood, state, and government laws must be followed. The equivalent state administered tests, which are given to government funded school understudies, are given to contract school understudies. There are likewise different key ideas missing from state funded school training that are found in contract schools. One of the key ideas is contract schools' responsibility. Sanction schools need to show results. On the off chance that lone a little level of understudies graduate, a sanction school could confronted being shut. These schools have their contracts restored, at regular intervals. This is an incredible motivating force to give the most ideal training. Decision and adaptability are key variables, which make contract schools appealing. School authorities can recruit quality employees, keep up high scholastic measures, and permit parent inclusion, on account of the school's opportunity. This adaptability permits schools to be intended for every network's particular needs.

Rudy essays

Rudy papers Toward the start of the film, Rudy's family holds him to an extremely small picture, a negative Pygmalion, chuckling at his youth assurance to play football for Notre Dame. From being giggled at and told he was excessively little to his dad letting him know at the bus station not to pursue a dumb dream, Rudy's family was not steady of his desire to play football, nor did they accept that he could accomplish such an accomplishment. In any case, Rudy's companion Pete forced a positive Pygmalion impact upon Rudy by giving him a Notre Dame Varsity coat for his birthday, and revealing to him that he was destined to wear that coat. Pete's words and disastrous demise we! re central point in spurring Rudy to accomplish self-satisfaction. 2. In spite of the fact that Rudy didn't have a great deal of help from others, he did gangs a Galatea inevitable drives that empowered him to arrive at his objective of turning into a Notre Dame Football player. His practices and activities added to his achievement in a few different ways. Albeit an educator once revealed to him that not every person is intended to head off to college, Rudy understood that he was better than only a worker and chose to go for his objective of turning into a school football player. A great deal of his internal drive depended on his craving to make his family pleased with him, however he was likewise inspired by his own feeling of satisfaction. Rudy went out on a limb a by appearing on Notre Dame's grounds, and his steadiness and difficult work after his few dismissals, in the end lead to the change of his own desires into the real world. 3. In the wake of survey the LAM film and going to the Self Fulfilling Prophecy class, I have taken in some important exercises that I will fuse into my authority style. I will make it a point to guarantee that my subordinates work in a steady and solid workplace. I will address them in an amicable manner and give them uplifting statements. I will make certain to give sufficient data relating to their errands, and ... <!

Second Language Acquisition an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Second Language Acquisition Presentation Need exposition test on Second Language Acquisition subject? We will compose a custom paper test explicitly for you Continue Learning a second language in youth or adulthood frequently demonstrates a genuine test for individuals. To acknowledge what troubles are engaged with the procedure, scientists need to analyze as a matter of first importance components of language obtaining, including logical, social, and mental ones. Well known speculations of powerful area, psychological styles and numerous insights in second language securing can likewise reveal insight into the elements and reasons for the procedure. Components Of Language Acquisition Second language procurement can be impacted by an assortment of elements: Language Distance: students will think that its simpler to ace the language that is genealogically identified with their own than one that has an alternate letter set, syntax, jargon and so on. Subsequently, it is simpler for a German to get English than for a Chinese individual. The Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, presented a framework in which dialects are put in four classifications relying upon their normal taking in trouble from the point of view of a local English speaker (Walqui, 2000). Understudies Very Often Tell Us: What amount do I need to pay somebody to make my article today? Journalists suggest: Follow Essaylab Writing Service Modest Essays Within Hours Professional Writing Services Pay For Essay Papers Write My Essay Online Reviews Local language capability: The better the understudy is familiar with the scholastic learning of the native language, its linguistic highlights, and different scholarly refinements, the simpler it will be to ace a forein language (Walqui, 2000). Language Attitudes: It is important to see how an individual sees learning another dialect. Hence, understudies need to comprehend that learning a subsequent language doesn't mean surrendering one's first language or lingo (Walqui, 2000). Inspiration: Motivation, associated with language perspectives, implies that understudies with more energy for learning will secure language all the more rapidly. Socio-Psychological Aspects In Second Language Acquisition. Aside from relevant and different variables, there are additionally factors legitimately identified with social and mental parts of self-awareness. Each inpidual comes to language learning outfitted with a specific arrangement of mental and social attributes that straightforwardly influence this people procedure of language obtaining. Among others, there are the accompanying components that have direct effect on language learning: Age: Although this is begging to be proven wrong, numerous etymologists have faith in Noam Chomskys Universal Grammar hypothesis that places the nearness of an extraordinary language learning capacity that permits a human to gain an assortment of dialects as first languages (bilingualism) if this occurs before a specific age. Additionally, numerous analysts of the second language obtaining process accept that there is an organic timetable for ideal language discovering that frustrates the endeavors of teenagers and youthful grown-ups to procure language (Clyne, n.d., p. 1). An Affective Filter: Stephen Krashen has propelled a hypothesis as indicated by which second language securing is guided by an emotional channel that incorporates the factors of inspiration, tension and self-assurance (Clyne, n.d., p. 2). Language Shock: an idea progressed by John Shulmann meaning the dread of making a bonehead of oneself when endeavoring to impart in a subsequent language (Clyne, n.d., p. 3). This stun can genuinely affect the capacity of the individual to get familiar with another dialect. Viable Domain, Cognitive Styles And Multiple Intelligences In Second Language Acquisition Scientists have proposed various hypotheses that endeavor to clarify the procedure of languge securing and to propose strategies that would improve and encourage language learning experience. Here has a place, for example Gardners hypothesis of numerous insights that proposes the presence of a wide range of types of knowledge show in every individual to an alternate degree. Gardner proposed a couple of types of knowledge (etymological, melodic, consistent scientific, spatial, body-sensation, intrapersonal (e.g., understanding, metacognition) and relational (e.g., social abilities)) (TIP, n.d.). Therefore, as per Garnder, understudies, contingent upon the sort of insight that is best evolved can become familiar with the language most successfully through, for example, moving, singing, or some other kind of development (Bell, Lorenzi, 2004). The hypothesis of subjective styles demands that language learning must be lined up with inpidual intellectual idiosyncrasies of an individual. A people subjective style can be estimated by numerous measurements, including field autonomy versus reliance, diagnostic versus worldwide handling, participation versus rivalry, resistance for uncertainty (Oxford, 2000). The estimation of the learning style as indicated by the Myers-Briggs Type pointer likewise represents extraversion, instinct, feeling versus thinking, and recognition versus judgment (Oxford, 2000). At last, subjective science has discussed whether the language securing is based on a particular area or is spread around numerous psychological areas. Numerous subjective researchers place that language learning is administered by a particular space that incorporates unique memory forms, mapping, rules and significance structures. Dependence on this area is the thing that can make language learning viable. End Language learning is a perplexing procedure that is administered by an interrelated arrangement of elements that make it an intricate subject for inquire about. Researchers by distinguishing factors that influence second language obtaining can deliver proposals that incredibly encourage crafted by EFL educators. Be that as it may, the accentuation on inpidualised approach, particularly noticeable in subjective styles and different insights hypotheses reminds educators that lone experts can make connects among speculations and down to earth learning. Since inpidual learning designs are unfathomably extraordinary, the instructor should have the option to perceive and oblige this distinction between students. References Chime, N.D., and Lorenzi, D. (2004). Encouraging Second Language Acquisition in Elementary and Secondary Physical Education Classes: The Increasingly perse Student Population Makes Every Teacher a Teacher of English. JOPERD- - The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance 75 (6), pp. 46+. Clyne, S. (n.d.). Mental Factors in Second Language Acquisition: Why Your International Students are Sundado La Gota Gorda (Sweating Buckets). Recovered February 20, 2006. Oxford, R. (1989). The Role of Styles and Strategies in Second Language Learning. ERIC Digest. ED317087, ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Linguistics Washington DC. Recovered February 20, 2006, from http://www.translationdirectory.com/article820.htm Walqui, Ada. Logical Factors in Second Language Acquisition. CAL Digest, September 2000, EDO-FL-00-05. Recovered February 20, 2006, from http://www.cal.org/assets/digest/0005contextual.html

NAQT Top 100 You Gotta Know Literature List Essay Example

NAQT Top 100 You Gotta Know Literature List Paper Hamlet Shakespeare Oedipus Rex Sophocles Macbeth Shakespeare Ruler Lear Shakespeare Othello Shakespeare The Tempest Shakespeare Moby Dick Melville The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald Wear Quixote Cervantes Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte The Iliad Homer Pride and Prejudice Austen 1984 Orwell Ulysses Joyce Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare Heaven Lost Milton The Canterbury Tales Chaucer The Adventures of Huck Finn Twain The Scarlett Letter Hawthorne A Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee Williams Our Town More stunning The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Twain The Divine Comedy Dante Wrongdoing and Punishment Dostoyevsky The Red Badge of Courage Crane Candide Voltaire Billy Budd: Foretopman Melville Les Mis Hugo Anna Karenina Tolstoy A Midsummer Nights Dream Shakespeare Pygmalion Shaw Julius Caeser Shakespeare War and Peace Tolstoy The Three Musketeers Dumas A Farewell to Arms Hemingway Vanity Fair Thackeray To Kill a Mockingbird Lee For Whom The Bell Tolls Hemingway The Grapes of Wrath Steinbeck Lolita Nabakov A Tale of Two Cities Dickens Little Women Alcott As You Like It Shakespeare The Waste Land T.S. Eliot Aeneid Virgil Odyssey Homer Heart of Darkness Conrad Travelers Progress Bunyan David Copperfield Dickens 100 Years of Solitude Garcia Marquez Antigone Sophocles Faust Goethe The Count of Monte Cristo Dumas A Dolls House Ibsen Robinson Crusoe Defoe Animal Farm Orwell The Call of The Wild London A lot of excitement about something that is not important Shakespeare The Glass Menagarie Tennessee Williams The Crucible Mill operator State-of-the-art existence Huxley Stranger in a Strange Land Heinlein The Sun Also Rises Hemingway The Jungle Sinclair twelfth Night Shakespeare Incredible Expectations Dickens The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Coleridge Oliver Twist Dickens Uncle Toms Cabin Stowe Tear Van Winkle Irving The Catcher in the Rye Salinger Sitting tight for Godot Beckett Demise of a Salesman Mill operator Alices Adventures in Wonderland Carroll Long Days Journey Into Night ONeill All the Kings Men Warren Things Fall Apart Achebe Slaughterhouse 5 Vonnegut, Jr. The Charge of the Light Brigade Tennyson The Merry Wives of Windsor Shakespeare The Importance of Being Ernest Wilde The Magic Mountain Mann Imperceptible Man Ellison The Taming of the Shrew Shakespeare Eugene Onegin Pushkin Sense and Sensibility Austen The Brothers Karamazov Dostoyevsky Inferno Dante The Stranger Camus Conundrum Heller A Raisin in the Sun Hansberry Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte The Sound and the Fury Faulkner Oresteia Aeschylus Decameron Boccaccio The Raven Poe Ivanhoe Scott The House of the Seven Gables Hawthorne My Antonia Cather

Ways of Protesting for Peace Essays

Methods for Protesting for Peace Essays Methods for Protesting for Peace Essay Methods for Protesting for Peace Essay Since the beginning a wide range of strategies have been utilized to attempt to stop savagery. Gandhi was one of the best in utilizing peacefulness to determine a contention. An exceptionally ineffective dissent was Tiananmen Square. There are a wide range of deciding variables so as to have a peaceful dissent succeed or not work. Mohandas K. Gandhi is one of the most well known peaceful serene nonconformists. Gandhi drove challenge practical and political limitations. He battled for national autonomy and showed his devotees how to utilize his strategies. One strategy that Gandhi utilized was Satyagraha. Satyagraha is the point at which you don’t hurt the individual who’s assaulting you, regardless. â€Å"He must be set up to kick the bucket himself enduring all the pain† (Gandhi 1). During the salt walks Gandhi was effective in his dissent. He utilized Satyagraha a ton of time and it was compelling. Gandhi needed harmony, and if there was viciousness because of his techniques he would attempt to think of a quiet trade off. This is the reason he was so fruitful in comprehending clashes. Gandhi established the Natal Indian Congress to encourage Indians about the rights they had. Gandhi was effective in his fights, since he bargained and wouldn't utilize savagery. Tiananmen Square is a renowned case of a peaceful dissent that didn’t work. It began on April fourth paving the way to the slaughter on June fourth. It began in light of the fact that dissenter needed to grieve the demise of their pioneer, Hu Yaobang. An expected one million individuals appeared. They were grieving, yet in addition fighting for singular freedom, and to have their own voices heard. On June fourth individuals were gunned down, murdered, restricted, and quieted. Tanks folded into roads and the military stacked with firearms and weapons. Before the tanks moved any further, alone man remained before the tanks, halting an entire section of them. Right up 'til the present time, no one knows where he is, and if he’s still alive. His sign of attempting to stop the tanks was an insult to china. His sign was disobedience, and insubordinate, which the legislature disapproved of. After that all commotion undermined, hundreds perhaps thousands were executed, and the others were fortunate to get away. Tiananmen Square was ineffective in light of the fact that the protestors did not have an official administration, a getting government, and the solitary man

Professional Workplace And Tattoos - Free Essay Example

Tattoos have long struggled to climb the ladder of social acceptance, previously thought of as exclusive to low class groups such as whores and sailors†they are now moderately acceptable in western society. Unfortunately, this newfound acceptance of tattoos in society is not universal; historical stigmas continue to be pervasive in the professional world. Many heavily tattooed professionals are required to cover up their artwork as a part of maintaining their perceived professionalism, but at what cost to themselves? Research shows that tattoos are strongly linked with a sense of self identity in those individuals, therefor it is an issue when the identity of these individuals, and in turn, their authenticity, is threatened. False stigmas regarding heavily tattooed individuals in the professional workplace have a negative effect upon the sense of identity of those individuals and may even cause them to be perceived as less professional by their peers. One issue that tattooed individuals face in the workplace is managing their perceived professionalism, to quote Forbes, Tattoos are no longer a kiss of death in the workplace (Forbes Magazine, 2013). However, this does not mean that tattoos are no longer a kiss of injury in the workplace. While having tattoos may not immediately disqualify one from being hired in the white collar world, it does affect the way peers, customers and even supervisors perceive the professionalism of the tattooed individual. In a survey conducted by Workopolis, 327 employers were asked, Would a candidate having tattoos affect your decision to hire that person?. The results confirmed what the researchers had hypothesized, false stigmas associated with tattoos really do affect ones chances of being hired: Fourteen percent said they would be less likely to hire someone with tattoos, 23% said it would not affect their decision, and the rest said it would depend on the number and location of the tattoos and/or the role being filled. The rest, that is, except for one lone individual who answered that they would actually bemorelikely to hire a person with tattoos. This means that a total 77% of employers will or might be less likely to hire you if you have tattoos. We invited respondents to write in comments, a sample of which are posted below, and what many said was that tattoos might affect their decision if the tattoos were offensive or racist, or if the role was customer facing. This all makes perfect sense, the latter because even if the employer doesnt mind the tattoos, a customer might, and it is the customer who keeps the business going (Workopolis, 2014). To understand the perception of tattoos by society as a whole, Workopolis conducted another survey with five thousand respondents in the general population, the results from this survey yielded that society as a whole is more accepting of tattoos than the professional setting is, but there is still a significant disdain for tattoos in the eyes of the public: Turning to the general population, we asked nearly 5,000 people â€Å" not necessarily in hiring positions â€Å" if they take a person less seriously if the person has tattoos. Forty-nine percent said No, leaving half (51%) of respondents who either do take someone less seriously for having tattoos, or might, depending on the situation and how many tattoos the person has (Workopolis, 2014). Although tattoos have become more socially acceptable as of late, the findings in the previously mentioned studies suggest that tattoos are still struggling to climb the ladder. According to statistical data from 2017, 4 in 10 U.S. adults have at least one tattoo (Statista, 2017). Considering the large percentage of tattooed Americans, it is quite contradictory that the overwhelming majority of society still hold these negative prejudices against tattoos. Many people understand that tattoos are thought of as low class, trashy, or even a sign of low intelligence; however, the origin of these false beliefs are less discussed. Tattooing stigmas have a lot to do with the issue of perceived purity in the eyes of the public, this is demonstrated in a quote from a 2006 publication; If the black face is a failure to be a white face, and the female to be male, a tattooed body fails to be the base-level zero of non-inked skin (McCormick, 2006). Although most people understand that tattoos are not a stamp of criminality, subconsciously these prejudices still remain. Tattoos have a rocky history when speaking in regards to social acceptance; until the late 19th century tattoos were seen as a trend. The tattoo machine was first introduced in the 1890s which made them more accessible than the previous hand poked tattoos, causing a dramatic increase in the trend of tattoos. Now that tattoos were more easily accessible, it was no longer only for the wealthy and as a result interest in tattooing shifted to the lower classes. We can assume this is where the societal association of tattoos with poverty began. At the bottom step of the social acceptance ladder, tattoos were linked to criminality, and mental illness. These false ideas about tattooed individuals are pernicious in todays society, but it may not all be a conscious prejudice in the minds of the majority. Researchers have found, skin prejudices have been long ingrained in our society, even before tattooing: Within Western societies, the aesthetic ideal has long been light, unblemished skin, and knowingly eschewing that ideal aesthetic is an appearance violation: within conventional American society, light, clear skin is a long enduring beauty ideal in addition, blotchy, blemished, and marked skin in American society is seen as unhealthy, impure, ugly, or low class. In fact, light skin is highly correlated with psychological, occupational, educational, and economic advantage (Irwin, 2011, p.35). It is not unreasonable to come to the disheartening conclusion that negative connotations linked to tattoo culture may even be part of a more primitive issue: skin stigmas. Appearances are what humans use to create impressions of people, so it makes sense that there are a lot of stereotypes and prejudices dealing with skin. It seems as though the same thought process behind racism, colorism, and negative ideas about skin conditions may be the same issue that causes the societal disapproval for tattoos and body modifications. What can be done to prevent the spread of these false stigmas? At what age do people develop these kind of prejudices? What causes a person to know that generalizing a stigmatized population is illogical, but still subconsciously do so? More psychological research is being conducted every day, maybe eventually some of these remaining questions will be answered. False generalizations about tattoos are actually fairly complex, one interesting facet of this issue is referred to as the ?threshold of indiscretion. Defined as, a subjective limit to body modification, which when crossed casts the wearer as an outsider, too far gone to return to polite society (McLeod, N/A). In a study conducted in an attempt to research how tattooed individuals perceive the issue, tattooed lawyer Alana says, up to a certain point people can write it off as a foolish mistake I get the impression that people think I have poor judgement (Interviewee Alana, McLeod, N/A). Society is more than willing and able to assume a small tattoo was an impulsive mistake, however they are less accepting of a string of mistakes (heavy tattooing). This concept of the ?threshold of indiscretion allows society to accept lightly tattooed indivudals as people who have once made a bad mistake, but still distance themselves from the heavily tattooed person. Too deep in the threshold of indiscretion and people will begin to assume that the mistakes are part of a larger character flaw. The heavily tattooed body still stands out as severely more foreign than the lightly tattooed body. Now that it has been established that tattoo stigmas are indeed still pernicious in todays society, it is crucial to understand what effect this may have upon the tattooed population. One of the main reasons why this is such a controversial issue in society, is due to the nature of permanent body art. Tattoos are heavily linked to a sense of identity, and authenticity for individuals who have them. This hypothetical water becomes pretty murky when deciding how tattoos should be regarded in the workplace, since they are a permanent physical manifestation of self-identity. Identity and perceived professionalism both correlate to tattoos. Tattoos can communicate a number of traits, which include: (1) personal identity, (2) cultural values and practices, and (3) membership in sub-societies that are rebellious, peripheral, marginalized or otherwise set apart from the ?mainstream. Due to the high visibility and often symbolic nature of tattoos, they can be easily misunderstood. To the outsider, analyzing a tattooed body only further distances perceptions of self, to perceptions of other. Non tattooed persons may use their interpretations of a tattooed individuals artwork to discern information about them, and as most know; ones interpretations of others based solely upon first impressions or appearances are often far from accurate. Many people offer the solution of covering up tattoos in the workplace, but the answer to this issue may not be so simple. An issue is created when one associates their tattoos with their identity, and in turn authenticity. In the postmodern world, self-identity and authenticity have become of upmost importance, partially due to the dislocation of current society. This poses the question of where the line can be drawn, what level of personal authenticity should one promote in a professional setting? Identity management is a crucial skill in todays workforce, and research suggests that this may hold the answer to the heavy question regarding authenticity of tattooed professionals. The professional workplace has many face demands in terms of demeanor and appearance that do not allow for mismanagement of interactions. Naturally given the amount of time spent at work and the importance that employment plays in modern survival, our workplaces have become our central identity management setting; we require the greatest degree of management at work because we have the most riding on our character there (McLeod, N/A). While it may be easy for some to suggest long sleeves or scarves as a method of cover-up, this is not a real solution. As explained above, the workplace is one of the most crucial atmospheres for self-identity management. By not allowing the authenticity and management techniques to occur in the workplace, employers may be unknowingly be causing long term psychological issues. Often times, identity suppressing can cause severe issues of low self-worth, confidence issues, which can both lead to feelings of insecurity in other areas of the individuals life: not just the workplace. In conclusion, while tattoos may be considered a mainstream practice in society today; tattoos are still rejected in many professional atmospheres. Although, the stigmas do not necessarily cause significant issues in the lives of the tattooed; they are still held in the mind of the majority. In the workplace, tattoo discrimination can have a massively negative impact upon the psychological wellbeing of the individual.

Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Environmental policy refers to the commitment of an organization or a country to a set of laws or regulations that address environmental issues. The environment consists of the air and water as well as soil, which constitutes the land, the ecosystem, and wildlife. In formulating these policies, governments aim to conduct management of all waste, protection of natural resources and endangered wildlife. Environmental conservation also deals with the regulation put in place to maintain biodiversity as well as maintaining the ecosystem. Environmental policies should also address the problems arising from human impact on the natural environment. Environmental instruments are tools that assist the government in implementing their policies. Such instruments include tax exemptions on companies that are environmentally friendly. The government may also choose to offer economic incentives to the firm in the private sector that engage in waste management and disposal. They could also restrict or issue trading permits to companies that comply with the set environmental policy. Another instrument that the government is keen on employing is bilateral agreements between itself and private firms. This entails non-governmental voluntary organizations that engage in environmental conservation projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Governments also offer subsidies to green companies to increase their purchasing power. However, in the quest to develop the countryside, there have been concerns about the effects this is going to have on the environment. Human activities are a major concern when it comes to environmental degradation. For instance, agriculture is a key developmental activity that rural populations practice to gain income in rural areas. Agricultural activities include farming, irrigational farming fishing, and meat production. This section of the paper will look at the adverse effects agricultural activities have on our environment in general. Fishing is a source of livelihood for many living close to water bodies.

Windsurfing History

Windsurfing or boardsailing is a sport that combines sailing and surfing. It uses a one-person craft called a sailboard thats comprised of a board and a rig. The Inventors of the Board The sailboard had its humble beginnings in 1948 when Newman Darby first conceived of using a handheld sail and rig mounted on a universal joint to control a small catamaran. While Darby did not file for a patent for his design, he is generally recognized as the inventor of the first sailboard.  Darby did eventually file for and receive a design patent for a one-person sailboat in the 1980s. His design was called the Darby 8 SS sidestep hull. But by then other inventors had patented designs for a sailboard. The first patent for a sailboard was awarded to sailor and engineer Jim Drake and surfer and skier Hoyle Schweitzer  in 1970 (filed 1968 - reissued 1983).  They called their design a Windsurfer, which measured 12 feet (3.5 m) long and weighed 60 pounds (27 kg). Drake and Schweitzer based the Windsurfer on Darbys original ideas and fully credited him with its invention. According to the official Windsurfing website: The heart of the invention (and patent) was mounting a sail on a universal joint, requiring the sailor to support the rig, and allowing the rig to be tilted in any direction. This tilting of the rig fore and aft allows the board to be steered without the use of a rudder — the only sail craft able to do so. In a patent abstract, Drake  and Schweitzer describe their invention as a ...wind-propelled apparatus in which a mast is universally mounted on a craft and supports a boom and sail. Specifically, a pair of curved booms are accurately connected athwart the mast and secure the sail there between the position of the mast and sail being controllable by the user but being substantially free from pivotal restraint in the absence of such control. Schweitzer began mass-producing polyethylene sailboards (Windsurfer design) in the early 1970s. The sport became very popular in Europe.  The first world championship of windsurfing was held in 1973  and, by the late 70s, windsurfing fever had Europe firmly in its grasp with one in every three households having a sailboard. Windsurfing would go on to become an Olympic sport in 1984 for men and 1992 for women. The First Woman on the Board Newmans wife  Naomi Darby  is generally considered the first woman windsurfer and helped her husband build and design the first sailboard. Together, Newman and Naomi Darby described their invention in their article The Birth of Windsurfing: Newman Darby found he could steer a conventional 3 meter sailboat by tipping it fore and aft enough to make turns even without a rudder. This is when (late 1940s) Newman got interested in steering a boat without a rudder. Several sailboats and 2 1/2 decades later (1964) he designed the first universal joint to go along with a flat bottom sailing scow. This sailboard was fitted with a universal joint mast, a centerboard, tail fin and kite shaped free sail and thus windsurfing was born.

Overview and Explanation of ZIP Codes

ZIP Codes, five-digit numbers that represent small areas of the United States, were created by the United States Postal Service in 1963 to aid in the efficiency of delivering the ever-increasing volume of mail. The term ZIP is short for Zone Improvement Plan. The First Mail Coding System During World War II, the United States Postal Service (USPS) suffered from a shortage of experienced laborers who left the country to serve in the military. In order to deliver mail more efficiently, the USPS created a coding system in 1943 to divide delivery areas within the 124 largest cities in the country. The code would appear between the city and the state (e.g., Seattle 6, Washington). By the 1960s, the volume of mail (and population) had dramatically increased as a vast majority of the nations mail was no longer personal correspondence but business mail such as bills, magazines, and advertisements. The post office needed a better system to manage the huge quantities of material that moved through the mail each day.   Creating the ZIP Code System The USPS developed major mail processing centers on the outskirts of major metropolitan areas to avoid the transportation problems and delays of transporting mail directly to the center of cities. With the development of the processing centers, the  United States Postal Service established ZIP (Zone Improvement Program) Codes. The idea for a ZIP Code System originated with Philadelphia postal inspector Robert Moon in 1944. Moon thought that a new coding system was needed, believing that the end of mail by train was soon to come and instead, planes were to be a huge part of the mails future. Interestingly, it took nearly 20 years to convince the USPS that a new code was needed and to implement it. ZIP Codes, which were first announced to the public on July 1, 1963, were designed to help better distribute the growing amount of mail in the United States. Every address in the United States was assigned a specific ZIP Code. At this time, however, the use of ZIP Codes was still optional. In 1967, the use of ZIP Codes was made mandatory for bulk mailers and the public caught on quickly. In order to further streamline mail processing, in 1983 the USPS added a four-digit code to the end of ZIP Codes, the ZIP4, to break ZIP Codes into smaller geographic regions based on delivery routes. Decoding the Code The five-digit ZIP Codes begin with a digit from 0-9 that represents a region of the United States. 0 represents the northeastern U.S. and 9 is used for the western states (see list below). The next two digits identify a commonly linked transportation region and the last two digits pinpoint the correct processing center and post office.   ZIP Codes were created to expedite mail processing, not to identify neighborhoods or regions. Their boundaries are based on the logistical and transportation needs of the United States Postal Service and not on neighborhoods, watersheds, or community cohesion. It is troubling that so much geographic data is based and available based only on ZIP Codes.   Using ZIP Code-based geographic data is not an excellent choice, especially since ZIP Code boundaries are subject to change at any time and do not represent true communities or neighborhoods. ZIP Code data is not appropriate for many geographic purposes, but has, unfortunately, come to be the standard for dividing up cities, communities, or counties into different neighborhoods. It would be wise for data providers and mapmakers alike to avoid the use of ZIP Codes when developing geographic products but there is often no other consistent method of determining neighborhoods within the diverse geographies of the local political boundaries of the United States. The Nine ZIP Code Regions of the United States There are a handful of exceptions to this list where parts of a state are in a different region but for the most part, the states lie within one of the following nine ZIP Code regions: 0 - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire,  Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. 1 - New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 2 - Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., North Carolina and South Carolina 3 - Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida 4 - Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky 5 - Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin 6 - Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas 7 - Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana 8 - Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada 9 - California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii Fun ZIP Code Facts Lowest: 00501 is the lowest numbered ZIP Code, which is for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in Holtsville, New York Highest: 99950 corresponds to Ketchikan, Alaska 12345: The easiest ZIP Code goes to the headquarters of General Electric in Schenectady, New York Total Number: As of June 2015, there are 41,733 ZIP Codes in the U.S. Number of People: Each ZIP Code contains approximately 7,500 people Mr. Zip: A cartoon character, created by Harold Wilcox of the Cunningham and Walsh advertising company, used by USPS in the 1960s and 70s to promote the ZIP Code system. Secret: The President and the first family have their own, private ZIP Code that is not publicly known.

The United States Uses Fossil Fuels For 81 Percent Of Its

The United States uses fossil fuels for 81 percent of its the total energy. It is estimated that the world will use all of the fossil fuels sometime in the next 50-100 years. Either we need to find a way of slowing down the use of fossil fuels or we need to convert to a new source of energy. Renewable energy is the most viable option because we cannot run out of renewable energy. The convergence of Las Vegas and Google are examples of why, as a country, we need to use more renewable energy. The United States is the second biggest consumer of fossil fuels and the biggest consumer of renewable energy. However, our renewable energy usage is only 19 percent of our total energy usage. We may be number one, but only have that number at 19†¦show more content†¦Until we have someone step on and make this decision, we are going to keep burning through our fossil fuels Las Vegas, Nevada, is the largest city in the United States to run only on renewable resources. In 2008 the city too k a vote to become a cleaner city. As of December 20th, 2015 Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman state the city achieved their goal. Since the start of the project, Las Vegas has reportedly saved $5 million a year. They achieved this by using solar energy. The city putting solar panels on top of company buildings, using geothermal plants, and creating Boulder Solar 1. Boulder Solar 1 is a solar energy company located just outside the city. Goodman did what more cities need to do. Goodman spent money to get the project started. She knew the project was going to be negative to start, but once it got going to was going to be worth the investment. In many people’s eyes, it was worth it. Homeowners took a toll for a bit. Taxes went up for a couple of years. Now that the project is complete, taxes are coming back down. Home values went up on an average of $3,000 to $5,000. Homeowners are now saving $4,000 an average each year. These small amounts add up. Over a 25 year period, a homeow ner will save $100,000. With homeowners having more money to spend, the economy of the city will grow. Another benefit to this project is it created more sustainable jobs in the city. Goodman’sShow MoreRelatedSwitzerland Is Best Known For Their Cheese, Chocolate And Watches1126 Words   |  5 Pagescountries, like the United States. Similar to the Kyoto Protocol, the Swiss Energy Program introduced a CO2 Act, which planned to reduce their carbon emissions by ten percent by the year 2010. They were slightly successful, however compared to the United States, their carbon emissions are unsubstantial. Switzerland also implemented a Nuclear Phase-out plan which would completely stop the use of nuclear energy by the year 2034. Since Switzerland uses nuclear energy for 40 percent of their energy, thisRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Theory1469 Words   |  6 PagesCurrently, fossil fuels are the main producers of greenhouse gases. 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The Beautiful Country Of Honduras - 848 Words

The beautiful country of Honduras is located geographically at the heart of Central America. However, the most important location of this country is in the heart of every Catracho(a); Spanish term for those born or raised at Honduras. To be a Catracho(a) goes far beyond than just sharing territory or the nationality of Honduras. It means sharing an accent, slangs, food, beliefs, values, and folkways that will be detailed further in the paper. Such subculture goes beyond territorial boundaries, a Catracho(a) can reside in any part of the world and still relate to the same shared tangible or intangible items. Therefore, Catracho(a) are a subculture of the Hispanic/Latino culture. Differences in the way a Catracho(a) speaks are evident when citizens from Central American countries are at the same place and speaking to one another. Starting with the accent; it will differ depending on the country you were raised. 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Hazards Found in the Workshops & Labs Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Health and Safety at Workplace. Answer: Introduction Safety is a critical issue for any work environment. Employees must keep in mind their training and safety measures while working in hazardous conditions. In this report we will learn about the hazards found in labs like welding lab, electric lab and chemical lab. Potential hazards have to be identified and assessed. We will also learn about the control measures that are taken in place to reduce accidents and deaths. Welding Lab Arc welding is considered a safe profession when proper measures and precautions are taken(Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, 2014). But if these precautions and measures are ignored the workers working in a welding workshop face an array of hazards that can be potentially dangerous to their life. Some of these hazards are:- Electric shocks:- A welder is in immediate risk of getting an electric shock while welding if he is not taking proper safety measures. These shocks take place when the welders touch the metal objects that conduct high voltage between them. They unknowingly insert themselves in the electrical circuit for e.g when a worker holds a bare wire with his hand the electric current will run through his body and give him a higher voltage shock. Injuries caused by the electric shocks can cause death(Jingxiang Qin, 2014). Usually the secondary shocks in welding are caused by arc welding circuits that can have an electric shock as high as 100 volts. In order to prevent electric shocks it is necessary that all workers should wear gloves that are in good condition. They should always keep dry insulation between them and their body. Insulations should be checked regularly for damages. Gases and Fumes:-welding work includes exposure to various gases and fumes. Overexposure to these gases could be very hazardous to your health as these fumes contain harmful metal oxides, base oxides and based metals(Marta Regina Cezar-Vaz, 2015). Welding workshops should always have good ventilation system and exhaust system. It is crucial that these workshops have removable fixed and removable hoods(L. G. Cena, 2016). All welding operators should be informed about the threshold limits of exposure substances. All operators should wear approved respirators that could protect them from metal plating fumes, galvanizing fumes and paint fumes. (Azian HARIRI, 2014 ) Explosions and fire:-the welding arc produces extreme temperatures that have a high fire and explosion risk. The temperature can reach as high as 10,000 degree Fahrenheit. The arc creates sparks, spatter and heat that can reach as far as 35 feet far from the arc. To prevent accidents any flammable substances should be removed from the welding area. Operators should be aware about the nearest fire exists, location of the fire hoses and sand buckets. Injuries from insufficient protective equipment:- the PPE ( Personal Protective Equipment) such as burns, are common in welding work. It is important the PPE are chosen with care to provide protection along with freedom of movement. Cheap PPEs should not be used as they are not fire resistant and would melt and burn with contact with fire. Workers should be advised not to roll their sleeves and pant cuffs as they can deposit hot metal and burn. Work boots should be worn always that can tuck in the pants leaving no loose openings. Workers should be provided with helmets that have side shields that protect the skin and eyes. These helmets protect the wearer from any debris that may hit the eyes. Electric Lab Hazards Every year thousands die from electric shocks from circuits at work and home(Wafa Tourab, 2016). Workers working in electrical labs should be instructed and informed about the electrical hazards and risks involved. Spark hazards and static electricity:- sparks and explosions can occur when flammable liquids are present in the vicinity of electrical work(Haji Omid Kalte, 2014 ). These sparks are caused by braking of the electrical circuit while its being energized. Contact injuries:- many cuts, abrasions and burns can occur if the sheathing around wires and cables are open or frayed. Use of extension cords:- extension cords should not be substituted for permanent wirings. It is not a replacement for the permanent electrical supply. Extension cords should not be drilled through ceilings, windows, floors, walls and doors. Special precaution should be taken if these extension cords are being used as they have a specific wire size, temperature range, and construction type. Electrical equipment repairs:-repairs are unavoidable in any work place but special care should be taken while working with electrical units. Fuses and circuits should be turmed off before starting the repair. It is crucial to deenergize the system before starting any work. Workers should be informed not to wear any jewelry, like necklaces, bracelets and watches. (Ajay Lunawat, 2015),(A Kraut, 1990) Care should be taken to use voltmeters with proper rating as a low voltage voltmeter would explode under high voltage. Power strips should be used that have fuses and circuits breakers in them. Workers should always be advised to use tools that have a non-conductive cover. They should be advised to wear gloves at all times. They should be advised to probe and check hot components and hot wires by one hand at a time so that they can prevent getting a shock(Olugbenga Oludiran, 2011). Water sources and metal materials should not be in the vicinity of the electrical work area. Workers should also be advised to avoid leaving any cords and cables hanging in the open as they can cause someone to trip and injure themselves. Cords should never be conceded or attached behind building surfaces. Everyone working in the lab should be properly trained in the safety guidelines. Chemicla Lab Hazards Workers working in academic, clinical and industrial laboratories have health and physical threats from hazardous chemicals. These chemicals are toxic, hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, irritant and corrosive that may damage the eyes, mucous membranes, skin and lungs. Thermal and chemical burns:- many chemicals such as alkalis and mineral acids are corrosive to skin and eyes. Acid halides, and phenols are toxic and corrosive if they are spilled. Absorption of chemicals:- chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and can have serious effects. People can have allergic reactions to chemicals if they are repeatedly exposed to them. It is important that workers are advised to wear gloves while working. These gloves provide a layer of protection that could permeate through the skin. Inhaling chemicals:-the solvents that are used in chemicals labs are toxic to inhale. Chemicals like Acetyl Chloride irritate the membranes in longs, throat, eyes and nose. Some chemicals like Benzyl Chloride cause tears and eye irritation(Montano, 2014). Workers should always be provided with hood and should consult their instructor if they are not sure about some chemical. Gases created by chemicals either due to buildup in the air or due to pressure risk are dangerous for people working around them. Substances like mercury, lead, and phosphorus are really dangerous if ingested or inhaled. Fume cupboards should be maintained to ensure that they are efficiently extracting the dangerous fumes. Ingestion of chemicals:-workers are at risk of ingesting chemicals accidently through their hands, through pipets and through food and drinks that are contaminated. Workers should never use mouth suction instead it is crucial that they should be provided with pipets with suction bulbs. Workers should always wash their hands before chewing gum, food, and smoking cigarettes. Always remember to wash your hands before leaving the lab. Chemicals such as mercury should be stored in containers made from polyethylene material. If any of it is spilled it should be painstakingly cleaned by using trapped vacuum line. (Imed Gargouri, 2011) Improper labeling:- Many of these hazards are caused by improper labeling. Chemicals that are not stable and ones that deteriote with time should have complete identification slips that should be stuck to the container. Unlabeled bottles should be disposed very carefully. Transportation of chemicals:- all chemicals which are not in sealed containers should be transported in chemical transport carts and rubber buckets. Chemicals should never be carried in carts that do not have side rails as they fall and bottles can break. Chemicals should never be stored in overhead storage(Paul Becker, 2004 ). Flammable chemicals should be refrigerated in storage refrigerators. Chemicals should not be stored according to alphabetical order as it may cause mutually reactive chemicals to be stored next to each other. Chemicals that produce stench and are injurious to inhale should be kept in properly ventilated cabinet. It is important to consider all chemicals as dangerous. Spill kits should be provided in every laboratory and workshop that has solvents, bases and acids that has directions which should be used for which chemical spill. Conclusion Accidents caused in the laboratories and workshops are usually caused by the ignorance and carelessness of the workers. All workers and employers should have safety guidelines outlined and safety precautions listed. Many times accidents resulting from fire, chemical, thermal and explosions are caused simultaneously therefore it is important that workers are properly trained and are informed about these hazards. References A Kraut, R. L. (1990). Pulmonary effects of acute exposure to degradation products of sulphur hexafluoride during electrical cable repair work. Br J Ind Med., 829832. Ajay Lunawat, S. M. (2015). Evaluation of Quantum of Disability as Sequelae of Electric Burn Injuries. J Clin Diagn Res, PC01PC04. Azian HARIRI, N. A. (2014 ). Development of Welding Fumes Health Index (WFHI) for Welding Workplaces Safety and Health Assessment. Iran J Public Health, 10451059. Haji Omid Kalte, A. H. (2014 ). Analysis of electrical accidents and the related causes involving citizens who are served by the Western of Tehran. Electron Physician, 820826. Imed Gargouri, M. K.-N. (2011). A case study on co-exposure to a mixture of organic solvents in a Tunisian adhesive-producing company. J Occup Med Toxicol, 28. Jingxiang Qin, W. L. (2014). Health Related Quality of Life and Influencing Factors among Welders. PLoS One, 82.G. Cena, M. J. (2016). A Novel Method for Assessing Respiratory Deposition of Welding Fume Nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg, 771780. Marta Regina Cezar-Vaz, C. A. (2015). Risk Communication Concerning Welding Fumes for the Primary Preventive Care of Welding Apprentices in Southern Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9861002. Montano, D. (2014). Chemical and biological work-related risks across occupations in Europe: a review. J Occup Med Toxicol, 28. Olugbenga Oludiran, K. I. (2011). Electrical Burn Injury in MidWestern Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg, 1828. Paul Becker, J. M. (2004 ). Impacts of Health and Safety Education: Comparison of Worker Activities Before and After Training. Am J Ind Med, 6370. Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, S. B. ( 2014). Awareness of occupational hazards and use of safety measures among welders: a cross-sectional study from eastern Nepal. BMJ Open, 64. Wafa Tourab, A. B. (2016). Measurement and Modeling of Personal Exposure to the Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of High Voltage Power Lines. Saf Health Work., 102110.

The criminal justice system free essay sample

The criminal justice system ensures the safety and protection of society from criminal offenders. The process of the criminal justice system begins when a criminal offense is reported to law enforcement officials. If required, an investigation begins, leading to a warrant and arrest. Following the arrest, bail is set and a preliminary hearing is scheduled. If the defendant is indicted, a trial date is set. Providing the defendant does not waive the right to a jury trial, a jury is selected and the trial begins. If the defendant is found guilty, a sentence is imposed, usually within a few days of the jury’s verdict. If the defendant wishes, he or she can then appeal the guilty verdict and sentencing, thus beginning the trial process again. Police officers, detectives, prosecutors, and defense attorneys make great  efforts to ensure justice is served swiftly and fairly, thus creating a strong and effective criminal justice system. New York became the first police department in 1 844 when they combined the night and day forces. Telephones, automobiles, and radios all had a significant impact on policing. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) became the nations investigative arrive to apprehend offenders quickly for committing federal crimes.Today the police are commissioned individuals that an oath to enforce the laws of the city, county, state, and nation. They are charged with the investigation and arrest Of crimes. Once a criminal act has occurred the police begin their investigation. They begin their investigation through the gathering of information. Many criminals are arrested on the scene of a crime, whereas others are arrested later through the issuance of an arrest warrant. Arrest warrants are issued a judge. During an arrest the criminal should be read his or her Miranda rights. The offender does not have to answer any questions because of the Fifth Amendment.After an offender has been arrested the booking process begins. The booking process is an administrative process in which pictures are taken, finger prints are completed and personal information is taken (F. Schmeltzer 2009). The Courts There are two types of court functions in the United States: the state court and the federal court. Lawyer and judge are required to pass Bar examination. All criminal cases begin in the state trial courts. At the court level the offender will go before a judge where the offender has now become he defendant and will be told of his or her charges and advised of their rights.At the same time bail is set. Bond may take the form of a cash deposit or a property bond in which a house or other properties are put up for release. If a defendant does not have a lawyer one will be afforded for them to defend them from the alleged crime. After the bond process the court moves to the preliminary hearing. The preliminary hearing establishes whether there is enough evidence to continue with the case. An indictment is written after the preliminary hearing so that the case can go to a grand jury.A grand jury is a group of jurors that have been selected and sworn to hear the evidence and determine whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. The arraignment is the offender or defendant makes his or her first appearance. At the arraignment the accused is again notified of his or her rights and asked to enter a plea of not guilty, guilty, and no contest. The Sixth Amendment to the United States, states that every person has a right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district (http://WV. W. Adjourns. Com). Once the defendant has been found guilty the sentencing phase is next.During this process the defendant can be given a wide range of sentences from a fine to a long-term prison sentence. Sentences can be given as consecutive or concur rent. Corrections The third and final component is corrections. Prisons are not the same large massive structures of the past. Prisons were built with large stone walls to isolate offenders. Todays prisons are much larger than those from yester year. Corrections are charged with the rehabilitation and reintegration of all offenders that are wards of the state or government. The corrections portion is the most dangerous of the three components. The corrections component is divided into three different functions: probation, parole, and prisons or jails. Today prison and jail population has more than doubled in the last 20 years. Early prison terms were some of the hardest and most inhumane to live in. Today offenders have just as many rights as someone that is not in prison. Every state prison system is dealing with the fact of overcrowding. For example, Texas has more than 158,000 offenders in 115 different state and privet facilities. The different levels of prisons rang from minimum custody (minimum security) to maximum custody (maximum security).

W. K. Clifford Essay, The Ethics of Belief

In the W. K. Clifford essay, ‘The ethics of belief,’ he stated that creating a belief is the right way and subject of true ethical significance. Clifford provided an opinion in opposition to theism where his statements can be put in three points; there is inadequate evidence to believe that there is existence of God, it is incorrect forever, all over, and for anybody to support anything without providing any evidence, and generally it is a mistake to say that God exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on W. K. Clifford Essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He saw the matter as an ethical and moral example. It is ethically incorrect to believe something without providing any support to the claim. Clifford used some examples to express people who create their beliefs without providing any evidence. Clifford asserts that people should criticize these subjects, therefor e supporting their beliefs. Believing in Gods’ existence without providing enough evidence is not correct as supported by Clifford in his essay. James’s main idea is that if options exist, forced, and crucial and may not be solved through intellectual ways, somebody can and have to allow his or her non-rational nature to create the selection. Somebody believes what he expects to be correct or anything which makes somebody very happy, and here everybody appears to have a great difference with Clifford. Clifford’s analysis seems to be the same in this situation. Somebody is ethically required to suspend conclusion, to pursue the way of not believing, because doing otherwise would be trusting on intellectually inadequate evidence. Williams James stated that when the issue of morality appears, more common matters concerning what is most significant or most valuable entailed in life, people find themselves with options which exist, forced, and important and are not s olve on intellectual basis. In contrary, Clifford’s claim is self-refuting where he maintains a moral perspective; it is incorrect forever, all over, and for anybody to support anything without providing evidence. For the issue of Gods’ existence, Clifford argued that if somebody does not have adequate evidence to believe that God exist, therefore they should not have beliefs. James stated that supporting this, somebody would lose everything good which comes with religion. James said that somebody’s dedication to their beliefs in God, if right or wrong, possesses huge impact on the outcome. The issue about power has taken omnipotence as constant and that the theory supports the existence of something powerful than an omnipotent. It is theoretically likely that omnipotent being may be able to create anything powerful; however the definition of every piece of argument and the capacity of Him should be made with great accuracy before handling it. It is simply not r ealistic but a logical mistake.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Omnipotence is really relatively unclear and handles power in several forms. Possibly a deity could be all-powerful simply since it can decide not to make anything more powerful. Or perhaps it is just irrational to make anything more powerful. Furthermore, classifying deities as part of all, something would create this issue invalid of any significance. In conclusion, if somebody was to search for solution to scientific and testable issues, it would be wrong to depend on individual beliefs instead of evidence and facts. Alternatively, because God is not like any other being that can be proved through testing, if it is in my greatest significance to have belief in God, I should. This essay on W. K. Clifford Essay, ‘The Ethics of Belief’ was written and submitted by user Adonis Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Websites with Joomla Essays

Websites with Joomla Essays Websites with Joomla Essay Websites with Joomla Essay Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 The best-selling Joomla! tutorial guide updated for the final release Hagen Graf BIRMINGHAM MUMBAI Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 Copyright  © 2008 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: March 2008 Production Reference: 1240308 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-847195-30-2 www. packtpub. com Cover Image by Vinayak Chittar (vinayak. [emailprotected] com) Credits Author Hagen Graf Translator Wolfgang Spegg Senior Acquisition Editor Louay Fatoohi Technical Editor Akshara Aware Editorial Team Leader Mithil Kulkarni Project Manager Abhijeet Deobhakta Cover Work Shantanu Zagade Project Coordinator Brinell Lewis Indexer Monica Ajmera Proofreader Chris Smith Production Coordinators Aparna Bhagat Shantanu Zagade About the Author Hagen Graf was born in July 1964. Born and raised in Lower Saxony, Germany, his first contact with a computer was in the late seventies with a Radioshack TRS 80. As a salesperson, he organized his customers data by programming suitable applications. This gave him a big advantage over other salesmen. With the intention of honing his skills, he joined evening courses in programming and became a programmer. Nowadays, he works in his wifes consulting company as a trainer, consultant, and programmer ( ocoate. com). Hagen Graf has published other books in German, about the Apache web server, about security problems in Windows XP, about Mambo, and about Drupal. Since 2001, he has been engaged in a nonprofit e-learning community called machmit. org e. V. , as well as in several national and international projects. All the projects are related to content management, community building, and harnessing the power of social software like wikis and weblogs. He chose Joomla! CMS be cause of its simplicity and easy-to-use administration. You can access and comment on his blog ( bloghouse. org/en/hagen). Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Management System (CMS) A Quick Glance into History Joomla! - How was it Developed? Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Front End and Back End Access Rights Content Extensions Components Templates Plug-Ins 7 8 11 13 13 13 14 14 1 7 Workflow Configuration Settings API Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! Versions Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Road Map Changes In Detail Internationalization User Plugs of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org Travel Shop, Ireland Frank Ludtke, Germany Hotel Schonruh, Austria Urth. tv, USA unric. org, Europe porsche. com. br, Brazil Summary 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 Chapter 2: Installation Client-Server System Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet Technical Requirements for Joomla! Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation Local Test Environment Windows Operating System Linux Operating System Mac OS X Operating System Rented Virtual Server Your Own Server 29 29 29 30 30 31 Production Environment 32 33 33 36 31 31 32 32 32 Setting Up the Local Server Environment Windows Linux XAMPP for Windows openSUSE 10. x Debian/Ubuntu Your Own Server at a Provider (Root Server) 34 36 37 37 Joomla! Installation on a Virtual Server on the Net Joomla! Installation Selecting a Directory for Installation An Example Directory Unpacking 38 39 39 Joomla! Web Installer Step 1: Language Selection Step 2: Pre-Installation Check Step 3: Licence Step 4: Database Configuration Step 5: FTP Configuration Step 6: Configuration Step 7: Completion [ ii ] 41 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 46 46 48 Table of Contents. Summary 50 Chapter 3: A Tour of Your New Website Front End Menus Top Menu Main Menu/Breadcrumbs Other Menus What is Content? First Page/Front Page The Newest Information/The Most Often Read Messages Banner Area Login Area Polling Who is Online? Feeds Search Field 51 51 53 Content 54 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 Advertising Functions 57 58 Decorative Elements Outlook Back end Summary 61 61 62 63 Chapter 4: Customizing Joomla! - Language and Templates A Different Language for the Website and the Administrator Installation of a Different Language File Translation of a Menu Entry Modifying the Menu Name Changing the Template for Your Website Changing Colors in the Template Summary Screen Layout Menu Bar Tool Bar Submenus Filter Elements Content Area Lists Dialogs Miscellaneous Help 5 65 65 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 Chapter 5: Configuration of Joomla! Administration 71 [ iii ] Table of Contents Help Icon Help with Speech Balloons Help Menu Joomla! Help System Info Summary 75 75 75 76 76 78 Chapter 6: Site Menu Control Panel User Manager Logout Users Icon Delete Users Icon Edit Users Icon New User Icon Media Manager Creating Directories Uploading a File Global Configuration Site Section 79 System Section System Settings Users Settings Media Settings Debug Settings Cache Settings Session Settings Site Settings Metadata Settings SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Settings 79 80 81 81 82 86 86 88 88 89 90 94 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 Server Section Logout Summary Server Settings Locale Settings FTP Settings Database Settings Mail Settings 103 103 99 100 100 101 102 99 Chapter 7: The Menus Menu Menus Customizing an Existing Menu Menus Icon Default Icon Publish/Unpublish Icon Move Icon [ iv ] 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 Table of Contents. Copy Icon Trash Icon Edit Icon (Edit Menu Items) New Icon Menu Trash Creating a New Menu Summary 109 109 109 116 117 117 123 Chapter 8: Content Menu Article Manager Description of the Articles List Editing Icons for an Article Archive, Unarchive Approve, Block Move, Copy Trash Basket Parameters Parameters 125 126 127 129 Creating a New Article Images Article Trash Section Manager Editing Sections Category Manager Front Page Manager Editing Content from the Front End Summary 132 137 140 140 141 144 145 146 147 130 130 130 130 131 133 Chapter 9: Components Menu Banner Banners Clients Manage Banners Graphic Banners Text Links Contacts Contact Manager Details Information Parameters 149 49 149 150 151 152 153 154 154 Creation of a Menu Link for the Website Categories News Feeds Feeds [v] 156 159 160 160 155 156 156 Table of Contents Categories Polls Search Statistics Web Links Links Categories Summary 161 162 164 164 164 166 166 Chapter 10: Extensions Menu Install/Uninstall Install, Components, Modules, Plug-ins, Languages, and Templates Module Manager Site Module Breadcrumbs Footer Banner Main Menus Statistics Login Form Archive Sections Related Items Wrapper Feed Display Whos Online Polls Advertisement Random Image Syndication Newsflash Latest News Popular Search 67 167 168 169 171 Administrator Module Logged in Users Popular Recent added Articles Menu Stats Footer Unread Messages Online Users Quick Icons Login Admin Menu User Status Admin Submenu Title Toolbar 182 171 172 172 173 174 175 176 176 176 176 177 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 181 181 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 [ vi ] Table of Contents. Plugins Manager Authentication Plug-ins Joomla! LDAP OpenID Gmail CSS Admin Menu 184 185 184 Content Plug-ins Image Page Navigation SEF Rating Email Cloaking GeSHi Load Module Pagebreak No Editor TinyMCE 2. 0 86 185 186 186 186 Editors Plug-ins Editors-xtd Plug-ins Search Plug-ins System Plug-ins Log Debug Legacy Cache Remember Me Backlink Joomla! 188 188 188 188 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 User Plug-ins 189 189 190 190 188 189 189 189 189 189 189 189 190 XML-RPC Plug-ins Template Manager Site Editing a Template Preview Icon Edit HTML Icon Edit CSS Icon XML-RPC-Joomla XML-RPC blogger API Administrator Language Manager Summary 192 192 192 190 191 191 192 Chapter 11: Tools Private Messaging System Mass Mail [ vii ] 193 193 194 Table of Contents Global Check-In Summary 95 196 Chapter 12: More on Extensions Fireboard (Forum) Installation Configuration Setting Up a Forum Integration into the Website DOCman (Download section, Document Management) Installation Configuration Language Integration into the Website Preparing Content Search Plug-in Supplementary Module Expose Flash Gallery Installation Integration into the Website Album Manager in the Administration Section Uninstallation Album Manager as a Stand-Alone Program Integration into the Joomla! Framework Problems with Third-Party Components Updates Security What should you Do? Summary Corporate Identity HTML/XHTML, CSS, and XML HTML/XHTML CSS XML Creating Your Own Templates Concept HTML Conversion Directory Structures of the Template First Trial Run 197 198 199 201 201 202 203 204 205 205 206 208 210 210 211 212 214 216 219 219 220 220 220 220 221 221 223 224 224 224 225 226 226 227 230 232 Chapter 13: Writing Your Own Joomla! Templates 223 [ viii ] Table of Contents. Integration of the Joomla! Module Creating a Template Package Installation with the Joomla! Template Installer What Source Code Comes from Joomla? Summary 233 235 236 236 240 Chapter 14: Barrier Freedom and Joomla! Barrier Freedom- What is it Anyway? The Legal Backround 241 241 Criteria for Accessible Sites at a Glance Separation of Content and Layout Demands on Design and Content Visual and Content Component The MySQL Table The Front End The com_auto Administration Test Creating an Installation Package Modules Source Code Installation View on the Website Plug-ins Summary Idea Preparations Logo and Appearance Technical Conversion Local Installation The First Few Articles Masthead Photographs Texts 67 267 268 269 270 275 276 277 281 290 290 292 292 294 294 294 297 299 300 300 302 Chapter 16: A Website with Joomla! 299 302 302 302 304 305 307 307 307 308 309 310 311 312 312 Menu Structure Setting up the Texts and the Menu Links in the Main Menu Contact Link Top Menu Shop The Impressions Structure of the Main Menu Structure of the Top Menu Structure of the User Menu 306 308 The User Section User Details The User Menu The Download Section 311 First Results M Bertrand Learns CSS [x] 314 314 315 Table of Contents. Changes for Joomla! V ersion 1. Installation on the Webserver How to Do the Installation Installation of Joomla! at the Provider Importing the Data File and Directory Rights Search Engines Search Engine Friendly URLs Metatags Design Installation of the Template The Template Happy End How Does It Work in Reality? Summary FTP MySQL Formatting Step by Step 322 323 323 324 324 326 327 327 327 327 328 328 330 330 330 318 323 324 Chapter 17: Bonus Templates NGO Tom Bohacek The World Knowledge Template Creative Approach Structural Approach Business Establishment Andy Miller Summary 331 32 332 332 333 334 334 334 336 Appendix A: Online Resources Appendix B: Template Modules Appendix C: How Do I switch an Image (Logo) in the Template? Appendix D: Joomla! API Appendix E: Forgot the Admin Password Appendix F: Migration from Joomla! 1. 0. x to Joomla! 1. 5 Backing Up Your Data Backing Up the Files The Migration Script New Installation of Joomla! 1. 5. 0 337 339 341 343 345 347 347 350 350 350 [ xi ] Table of Content s Manual Method Modifying the Joomla! 1. 5 Database Scheme Importing the Tables 351 351 351 Appendix G: Security Without Global Variables Index 53 355 [ xii ] Preface Joomla! is life! It is an open-source project that is in constant motion. It is unpredictable, sometimes indescribable, partially controversial, now and then slightly sleepy, and provincial. Despite this, or perhaps exactly because of this, it has been extremely successful for two years now and is popular with millions of users worldwide. There is a stable, widely used, and popular version 1. 0x. For the past two years, developers have hammered, tinkered, forged, modified, disagreed, deleted, expanded, and hammered again. Two incredibly exciting years have passed since the foundation of Joomla! 2005. The Joomla! team has organized and established itself in these years, it has enhanced Joomla! 1. 0 up to version 1. 0. 13 and has now taken the biggest development step so far with version 1. 5. The users of the system have been equally ambitious. Many of them have converted their websites from Mambo to Joomla! And many users have come brand new to Joomla! , and there are still some people in this world that dont know the system. Joomla! is the most widely used open-source Web Content Management System in the world. One year after the foundation of the project, in the fall of 2006, the development team reported approximately 5,000,000 Joomla! installations on public web servers that were being used more or less continuously. There were 45,000 registered developers with 1,100 projects that expanded Joomla! with additional functionalities. There were 450,000 entries from 50,000 users in the forum at joomla. org. Preface Here are the numbers one year later, in November 2007: More than 20,000,000 installations 28 members in the development team and 16 members in the core team Over 2,000 projects that are preparing to expand Joomla! More than 1,000,000 (one million) entries and 100,000 users in Joomla! s forum That is an increase of more than 100 % in one year! The scope of the websites rages from very simple homepages to complex business applications. In this book I will explain why Joomla! is so successful and how you can use it as well. The word Joomla! is derived from Jumla from Swahili and means all together. Joomla! is the software result of a serious disagreement between the Mambo Foundation, which was founded in August 2005, and its development team. Joomla! s the continued development of the successful Mambo system and, like Mambo, is a piece of software that enables simple administration of websites from a web browser. Joomla! , according to its own description, is a Cutting Edge Content Management System and one of the most powerful Open Source Content Management systems in the world. It is used world-wide for anything from simple homepages to complicated corporate websites. It is easy to install, eas y to manage, and very reliable. What This Book Covers First of all this book, naturally, is about Joomla! and how to use Joomla!. Joomla! is a tool with a myriad of options and depending on your imagination and needs you can use them in a variety of ways. In order for you to get comfortable with this tool, I have divided the book into the following chapters. Chapter 1 covers the terms and conventions that will make it easier to work with Joomla!. Chapter 2 describes how to install Joomla! in various environments. Chapter 3 provides an overview by means of a tour of the structure of the example data that is available once Joomla! is installed. Chapter 4 covers customizing Joomla! language and templates. [2] Preface Chapter 5 covers the operation of the administration area, its configuration, and administration of content. It also discusses the elements in the Menu bar, Tool bar, and the Help menu. Chapter 6 discusses how to customize the Site menu. Chapter 7 discusses how to customize the Menus menu. Chapter 8 discusses how to customize the Content menu. Chapter 9 discusses how to customize the Components menu. Chapter 10 discusses the Extensions menu. Chapter 11 talks about the Tools menu containing administrator tools: a private messaging system, a mass mailing function, and the global checking in of content elements. Chapter 12 presents examples of extension possibilities for Joomla!. Chapter 13 deals with the design of your website and how to create your own templates. Chapter 14 is written by Angie Radtke. Angie is the undisputed expert when it comes to Joomla! barrier-freedom and she is the mastermind behind the creation of the barrier-free Beez template with Robert Deutz. Chapter 15 teaches you how to write your own extensions. Chapter 16 helps create a practical application with Joomla! from concept to realization of the website. Chapter 17 introduces two templates that you can use for your own website. In the appendix you will find important details for updates, security, and other important subjects. Conventions In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning. There are three styles for code. Code words in text are shown as follows: If you take a look in your database system, there are a whole bunch of components in the [PathtoJoomla]/components subdirectory and one of them is the com_contact component. [3] Preface A block of code will be set as follows: main . eading h2,#main2 . leading h2 { background:#EFDEEA; border-bottom:solid 0 #333; color:#93246F; font-family:trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size:1. 4em; font-weight:normal; Any command-line input and output is written as follows: /etc/init. d/mysql start New terms and important words are introduced in a bold-type font. Words that you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for exampl e, appear in our text like this: clicking the Next button moves you to the next screen. Important notes appear in a box like this. Tips and tricks appear like this. Reader Feedback Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book, what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of. To send us general feedback, simply drop an email to [emailprotected] com, making sure to mention the book title in the subject of your message. If there is a book that you need and would like to see us publish, please send us a note in the SUGGEST A TITLE form on www. packtpub. com or email [emailprotected] com. If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide on www. acktpub. com/authors. [4] Preface Customer Support Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase. Downloading the Example Code for the Book The downloadable files contain instructions on how to use them. Visit packtpub. com/files/code/5302_Code. zip, to directly downlad the example code. Errata Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our contents, mistakes do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books- maybe a mistake in text or code- we would be grateful if you would report this to us. By doing this you can save other readers from frustration, and help to improve subsequent versions of this book. If you find any errata, report them by visiting packtpub. com/support, selecting your book, clicking on the Submit Errata link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your submission will be accepted and the errata added to the list of existing errata. The existing errata can be viewed by selecting your title from packtpub. com/support. Questions You can contact us at [emailprotected] om if you are having a problem with some aspect of the book, and we will do our best to address it. [5] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Before we dive into Joomla! , allow me to explain a few terms and concepts, and bring you up to date on some background material. Content Management System (CMS) Content Management System (CMS) contains the terms content and management, which imprecisely refer only to a system that manages content. Such a system could be a board and a piece of chalk (menu or school chalkboard), or some free online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia or an online auction house such as eBay. In all these examples contents are administered, in the last instance by numerous participants. These participants play a major role in content management systems, on one hand as administrators and on the other as users and editors. Apart from CMSs, there are terms such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP systems- administration of corporate data), Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM systems- maintenance of customer contacts), Document Management Systems (DMS systems- administration of documents), Human Resource Management Systems (HRM systems- administration of personnel), and many others. It is difficult to define the term CMS because of its encompassing nature and variety of functions. Wikepedias definition is my favorite: A content management system, or CMS, is a computer software system used to enable and organize the joint process of creating and editing text and multimedia documents (content). The abbreviation ECMS has established itself as the term for Enterprise Content Management Systems. The other abbreviations listed above are subsets of ECMS. Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Joomla! belongs to the category of Web Content Management Systems (WCMS), since its functionality is administered from a browser on the Web. In general, the term content management is used in connection with web pages that can be maintained by a browser. This doesnt necessarily make the definition any easier. A Quick Glance into History While Sun Microsystems maintained in the nineties that the network is the computer, Microsoft was not going to rest until a Windows computer sat on every desk. This prediction became a reality. Microsoft was able to rest and is actually looking for new markets and new products. The computer that Microsoft was concerned with was a mixture of data files and binary executable files. Files with executable binary contents are called programs, and were bought and installed by customers to manipulate data. Microsoft Office was the winner in most of the offices around the world. The computer that Sun was working with was a cheap, dumb terminal with a screen, a keyboard, a mouse, and access to the Internet. The programs and data were not stored on this computer, but somewhere on the net. The mine philosophy governed Microsofts practices whereas the our philosophy was adopted by Sun. The motivation for these philosophies in both the companies was commercial interest. Microsoft primarily sold software for PCs to the consumer market; Sun, on the other hand, sold server hardware and programs to the enterprise market. The Internet, invented in the sixties, underwent an explosive growth in the midnineties. Among other things, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the language used to write web pages, and the development of web servers and web clients (browsers) helped its expansion. The Internet itself is merely a set of rules that various devices could understand and with which they could communicate with each other in such a clever way that it covered the entire planet in almost no time. An individual without an email address could no longer be reached and a company without a website was not only old-fashioned, but didnt exist in the eyes of many customers. The whole world swarmed to the Internet within a short time to become a part of it. Movies like The Matrix became a huge hit and 1984, a book by George Orwell, was successfully superseded. [8] Chapter 1 Those who were used to buying programs bought HTML editors and created Internet pages with them. The others preferred to write their own HTML code with whatever text editor they had on hand. And the web agency, where one could order a web page, was born. Both groups faced the problem that HTML pages were static. To change the content of the page, it had to be modified on a local PC and then copied to the server. This was not only awkward and expensive, but also made web presences like eBay or Amazon impossible. Both the groups came up with fixes to more or less solve this problem. The mine faction developed fast binary programs, with which one could produce HTML pages and load them via automated procedures onto the server. Interactive lements, such as visitor counters, among others, were built into such pages. The our faction discovered Java applets and with them the capability of writing a program that resided centrally on a server and could be maintained from a browser. Entire business ideas, like online booking and flight reservation concepts, were based on this solution. Both the groups tried to increase their market share in different ways. The result was quite a st able market for both, in which passionate battles over the correct operating system (Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X) constantly drove the version numbers higher and higher. Customers got used to the fact that nothing was easy. There is always a third option in these situations. In our case, it was, among other things, the emergence of open-source scripting languages like PHP ( php. net). Rasmus Lerdorf wanted to offer interactive elements on his homepage and with that a new programming language was born. From the outset, PHP was optimized in perfect cooperation with the MySQL database, which was also under the GNU/GPL license. Fortunately, there was the Linux operating system and the Apache web server that offered the necessary infrastructure on the server. The display medium at the client side was the browser. LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) soon became synonymous with database-supported, interactive presence on the Internet. The most diverse systems like forums, communities, online shops, voting pages, and similar things that made it possible to organize contents with the help of a browser were developed in an enthusiastic creative rush. Soon after the difficult things such as Linux and Apache had been created, the soft products were developed. [9] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The nineties were nearing their end; the Internet share bubble burst and all of a sudden the trend was to build unmitigated classical business models with unmitigated classical methods. Whenever the economy isnt doing well, costs are scrutinized and the options for lowering costs are contemplated. There are now, as there were earlier, numerous options! PHP applications had distribution in the millions. We only need to look at the phpBB ( phpbb. com/) and phpMyAdmin ( phpmyadmin. net/) projects as examples. One developed to become the quasi-standard for forum software and the other, the standard for manipulating MySQL databases via web interfaces. The source code of the PHP language and the applications became better and better quickly due to the enormous number of users and developers. The more open a project was, the more successful it became. Individual gurus were able to save enterprises immense amounts of money in next to no time. Static HTML pages were considered old and expensive, and were overhauled. They had to be dynamic! Developers have been working in this environment for a decade now. Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP were readily accepted in the industry. The search for professionally usable PHP applications had begun. With this search one looks for: A simple installation process Easy serviceability of the source code Security of the source code User-friendliness Easy expandability Simple development Simple job training for new developers Standardized interfaces to other programs Low costs Independence from the supplier The special advantage of PHP applications is the independence from hardware and operating system. LAMP also exists as WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Windows, MAMP (Mac, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Apple, and for numerous other platforms. And now Joomla! finally enters the picture. [ 10 ] Chapter 1 Joomla! - How was it Developed? An Australian company, Miro ( miro. com. au), developed a CMS called Mambo in the year 2001. It made this system available as open-source software to test it and to ensure wider distribution. In the year 2002, the company split its Mambo product into a commercial and an open-source version. The commercial variant was called Mambo CMS, the open-source version Mambo Open Source or MOS for short. By the end of 2004 all parties involved had agreed that MOS could officially be called Mambo and that a successful future for the fastest developing CMS of its time would be jointly secured. The advantages of the commercial version were primarily the increased security for companies and the fact that they had Miro, which also supported further development, as guidance. The open-source version offered the advantage that it was free and that an enormous community of users and developers alike provided continuous enhancements. In addition, it was possible for enterprises to take Mambo as a base and to build their own solutions on top of it. In order to secure the existence and the continued development of Mambo, there were deliberations on all sides in the course of the year 2005 to establish a foundation for the open-source version of Mambo. In the fall of 2005 the establishment of the Mambo Foundation was announced on the Mambo project page. After positive reactions during the first few hours it quickly became obvious that Miro in Australia had established the foundation and that the developer team had not been included into the plans for the incorporation. Heated discussions erupted in the forums of the community and the developer team wrapped itself in silence for a few days. A short time thereafter a position was finally taken by the developing team and published on opensourcematters. org, announcing that it would be advised by the neutral Software Freedom Law Center (http://softwarefreedom. org/) and that it was planning the continued development of Mambo under its own responsibility. The prospect of an improved Mambo based on new source code immediately made its way into the forums. Quickly, a war of the roses developed between the Miro-dominated Mambo Foundation that was all of a sudden without a development team, and the development team itself, which, of course, needed a new name for the split entity, and an inflamed international community of hundreds of thousands of users. The parties sometimes called each other names in blogs, forums, and the respective project pages. Meanwhile, development of both projects continued. The fork was called Joomla! [ 11 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The development team put great value on democratic rules. The new project needed a logo and therefore a contest was announced to the new community. By that time, about 8,000 users had registered with the new forum. The Mambo Foundation soon thereafter introduced its new development team. Version 1. 0 of Joomla! was published on the 17th of September 2005. Quickly many of the third-party developers, groups that had been developing Mambo components, switched the projects Simpleboard (today FireBoard), DOCman, and many others to Joomla! and therewith endorsed the trust in the new project. The prefix mos that had been used in so many variables and terms was quickly transformed to jos. A detailed summary of these events can be accessed on the Internet at: devshed. com/c/a/BrainDump/Joomla-is-theNew-Mambo/ Two years after its foundation, Joomla! was one of the most popular open-source projects in the world. However, a lot of time was wasted in those two years on organizational trench warfare and intercultural misunderstandings due to the restructuring. The Web 2. 0 celebrated its victories. User-created content became more and more important. Second life and its virtual reality became world famous. The programming language Ruby and in particular Ruby on Rails was being used more and more to develop websites. Programming interfaces played an ever larger role. Joomla 1. 0x looked and looks a little old and gray in this company. It had not exhausted its developmental options, but users looked longingly at systems like Plone, Typo3, Drupal, and lot of others that did not have the problems that come with sheer size and reorganization and that were able to constantly incorporate new technologies into their projects. For the past two years Joomla! ersion 1. 0x has not really been expanded any further, but security updates with minor code changes have been released. A two-year waiting time for a new version is not good advertising for the project. Joomla! has often been declared dead and was frequently ridiculed during this time and derisive articles on the lines of How to ruin an amazing software project! appeared in the trade. However, the project team has come through with Joomla! version 1. 5. Now that everything has been discussed fully in forums, mailing lists, emails, and personal meetings, Joomla! s future is now rosier than ever in my eyes. 12 ] Chapter 1 On one hand, upgrading from version 1. 0x to1. 5x is going to take some effort, since there is no full downward compatibility due to the changed source code. However, on the other hand, this definitely launches Joomla! into the league of business-capable content management systems. The clever strategy of creating building blocks with Joomla! (Joomla! framework), with which developers can be part of the new developments, is going to pay dividends. It is finally possible to choose various methods of authentication to create barrier-free websites in various languages, and to take part in the Web 2. mashups wave that is clearly spilling into enterprises. The road to developing components in environments such as Eclipse is now open. With its existing c ommunity, developer, and installation density, Joomla! will simply blanket many sectors of this market. Many hosting providers are already offering Joomla! pre-installed to their clients so that there will be no serious problems when upgrading from simpler websites. Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Using Joomla! as an example, I will briefly explain the structure of a WCMS. Front End and Back End A WCMS consists of a front end and a back end. The front end is the website that the visitors and the logged-on users see. The back end, on the other hand, contains the administration layer of the website for the administrators. Configuration, maintenance, cleaning, the generation of statistics, and new content creation are all done in the back end by authorized people. The back end is at a different URL than the website. Access Rights Whenever we talk of management, we talk of the clever administration of existing resources. In a WCMS, user names and group names are assigned to the people involved and each one of them is assigned different access rights. This ranges from a simple registered user through an author and editor up to the super-administrator, who has full control over the domain. Based on the rights, the website then displays different content; an option is available to edit content directly in the front end, or the user is given the right to work in the back end. [ 13 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Content can come in all kinds of forms; in the simplest case, it is text. However, content can also be a picture, a link, a piece of music, a snippet from an application like Google Maps or a combination of all of these. To keep an overview of the content, one embeds it in structures, for example, texts of different categories. The categories, of course, are also content that needs to be administered. Newsfeeds have become very popular, since Internet Explorer 7 now has the capability to read RSS feeds and more than 80% of computer users still use this browser. Newsfeeds give you the option of integrating information from other sources. Integration, categorization, rating, mashing, and updating of newsfeed content is becoming more and more important. Extensions Components, modules, templates, and plug-ins are all referred to as Extensions. They offer additional functions that are not contained in Joomla! s core. Components Joomla! has to be expandable and should be able to grow with the requirements. Extensions that offer additional functionalities and that usually have their own area in Joomla! s administration are called components. For example, typical components of recent years are an online shop, a picture gallery, and a newsletter or forum system. Today things like search engine optimization, user rights, multi-page forms, and variable content structures are becoming more and more important. Components contain the business logic of their site and display content in the main body of the website. Templates A template is a kind of visual editing pattern that is placed on the top of content. A template defines the colors, character fonts, font sizes, background images, spacing, and partitioning of the page, in other words, everything that has to do with the appearance of a page. A template is made up of at least one HTML file for the structure of the page and one CSS file for the design. It can also have a far more extensive structure in order to prepare Joomla! content for barrier freedom or for a completely different purpose. [ 14 ] Chapter 1 Plug-Ins A plug-in is a piece of programming code that is appended at certain places in the Joomla! framework to change its functionality. Such a plug-in can, for instance, be used inside content text to load the content of a module into the text. Plug-ins are also used in a comprehensive website search in order to integrate additional components. Sometimes plug-ins are used like a macro language in Joomla! Special modules pertaining to components are used to integrate content in the desired form into templates. The Recent News module, for example, delivers the headlines of the last five articles that were placed by the Content component to the template. Another module, for example, determines the number of users that are on-line at the moment and displays the result. Workflow By workflow one understands a sequence of operations. The bureaucratic set of three (mark, punch, and file) is an example of a workflow. A recipe for baking a cake is also a workflow. Since several people usually work with CMS content, well-organized workflows are a tremendous help. In the past, one also referred to work inventories that a certain user has. For example, the editor sees a list of non-published pieces of news, which he or she has to examine for correctness. After examining them, the editor marks the pieces of news as correct and they appear in the work inventory of the publisher. The publisher then decides whether to publish each piece on the front page. Configuration Settings Settings that apply to the entire website are specified using the configuration settings. This includes the title text in the browser window, keywords for search engines, switches that permit or forbid logging on to the site or that switch the entire page offline or online, and many other functions. API Today an Application Programming Interface (API) has to be provided to be with the times. It has to be possible (and it is) to access Joomla! from other programs and to invoke it remotely to some extent. This opens up entirely new applications that were previously not feasible with Joomla! An API is the most important link between third-party extension developers and the Joomla! ore. [ 15 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! is a kind of construction kit that, once installed on the server, enables you to create and maintain your website. Joomla! is like a house that you build on a property of your choice and that you can furnish gradually. Thus, to a certain extent, it is real estate. Stop! I was talking about mobility all the tim e and now Im asking you to build real estate? Have no fear, the real estate you build is physically at one place (your server), but is accessible from everywhere. To make a piece of real estate habitable, you need necessary services such as heating, electricity, and water supply. That is the reason your Joomla! is deposited at a server as as safe as possible, where hopefully, the electricity will never be cut. We are talking 24/7. Just like with your house, you also have a certain room layout in Joomla!. You have a room to show off (content), for cooking and conversing (forum), for working (administration area), and a completely private one, one that you show only to good friends (member area). Perhaps you also have a large room that integrates all these areas. It doesnt matter which room layout you decide on, you have to furnish your house, lay a beautiful floor, paper the walls, hang a few pictures on the walls (template), and of course, clean it regularly. This is because the numerous guests leave traces that are not always desirable. A visitor needs an address (domain) to find your house. As many people as possible should be aware of this address. Since there is no residents registration office on the Internet, you have to be the one that takes care of the topic, How can I be found? Perhaps you also have a garden that surrounds your house and that has different entry gates. There is an official entrance portal, a back door, and perhaps another small, weathered garden gate for good friends. And perhaps you dont like such types of houses and would rather use trailers, tents, mobile homes, hotels, or maybe you prefer community living and are glad to pay rent and dont want to think about all the details. If you apply the last few sentences to your website, then you already see how important it is to know what you want, who you are, and how you want to look to your community. One cannot not communicate! One can, however, be quickly misunderstood. So plan your virtual house on the Internet properly. Put thought into the texts, into possible interactive elements like a calendar or a forum, and of course, an area that only registered users are allowed to see. Think about prompts that guide and dont patronize users and take a look at how others do it. [ 16 ] Chapter 1 Talk with the people you want to address through your website. They will be honored to have been asked beforehand and they will perhaps give you tips that were not obvious from your point of view. This is an economical and very effective option to gather ideas and to avoid the worst of mistakes. Invest your heart and soul into things that are absolutely crucial for the success of your website. Joomla! Versions As with all software, there are different development steps with Joomla!. The Joomla! team published a roadmap on the 1st of September 2005 that started with Joomla! version 1. 0. The first Joomla! version consequently received the number 1. 0, so that there was no confusion with the existing Mambo versions. Version 1. 0 is a revised version of the last Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3. The revisions relate to the new name, known errors, and security patches. Mambo, in the meantime, has released version 4. . 2 In the last two years, thirteen Joomla! 1. 0. x versions, which have improved and corrected a lot of small details in the code, have been released. If you have followed the development, you have probably noticed that Joomla! has become more and more reliable from version to version. Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Joomla! versions abide by the three-step system. St ep 1 = major release number: This is incremented whenever profound changes are made at the source-code level. The version with the higher number sometimes is not compatible with earlier versions. Step 2 = minor release number: This is incremented whenever significant changes to functionality are made. The higher version number is usually compatible (with minor customizing) with earlier versions. Step 3 = maintenance release number: This is incremented whenever errors are repaired and safety gaps are plugged. An increase of this number indicates only minor changes and very minor new features. These versions are fully compatibly with the versions of the same step 1 and 2 number. Full release: This is a change in the step 1 and 2 system. With these, alpha and beta test periods are given. The length of the test periods s not fixed and is at the discretion of the development team. Beta versions should be available for testing for at least three weeks in order to give component developers the time to customize their components. Maintenance release: This release can be used immediately. [ 17 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Version 1. 5. 0 represents the first full release a fter two years. There were alpha and beta versions and release candidates. Third-party developers are customizing their components for the new version. The community tests the software for any incompatibilities with the prior version. You can follow the reporting and fixing of bugs on Joomla! s website and if you find a bug, you can report it there. You will also find the list of requested improvements (http://joomlacode. org/gf/project/joomla/tracker/) there. The development process for Joomla! 1. 5 has largely been unnoticed since the fall of 2005. The concepts for version 1. 5 were already quite concrete at that time and in February 2006 the first alpha-version was released. Road Map This road map can, of course, change at any time, it does, however, represent a good framework for orientation. The following table shows the Joomla! oadmap (status as of November 2007). Version Mambo 4. 5. 2 Joomla 1. 0. x Date of Release 17. Feb. 2005 From Sep. 2005 Oct 2006 Comments Last stable version of Mambo Transfer of Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3 Corrections of bugs and security patches Last stable version of Joomla! 1. 0. 13 Joomla 1. 5 Beta 1 Internationalization (total support for UTF-8) Administration interface capability f or every language User plug-ins Database: Support for MySQL- and MySQLi-database servers FTP system, to sidestep the PHP safe mode with providers Fundamental changes and overhaul of the structure, the framework, of Joomla! tself and with it preparation for the possibility to create barrier-free websites with Joomla! Separation of programming logic and layout Improvement to search engine friendliness (SEF) Reworked caching mechanism [ 18 ] Chapter 1 Version Joomla 1. 5 Beta 2 Date of Release May 2007 Comments Developer documentation (API, How-tos) API tuning Redeveloped caching Redeveloped support for search-engine friendly URLs Introduction of the MooTool Javascript Framework Barrier-free Beez template in the core Joomla 1. 5 RC1-4 July 2007 December 2007 User documnetation Corrections Security and performance improvements Testing on various platforms and in various browsers Joomla 1. 5 stable Future verions of Joomla January 2008 No dates given The stable version New user access control system Version control for content Multi-site installations (many Joomla sites in one Joomla installation) Update mechanism Virtual file system Support for more databases Changes In Detail As can be seen from the table, the 1. 5 version is the first true Joomla!. The Joomla! team spent the first year stabilizing the inheritance from Mambo under the Joomla! ame and charting their own direction. The changes in Joomla! 1. 5 clearly reveal future developments. Internationalization Every piece of static text can now be translated into language files. This is in particular relevant for the administration area, which up to now was only available in English. Support of scripts that are written from right to left (i. e. RTL, Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, and Urdu) . Complete changeover to the UTF-8 character set for coding and displaying all characters in Unicode. [ 19 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations User Plug-Ins Mambots are now called plug-ins and user plug-ins, authentification plug-ins, xmlrpc plug-ins, and system plug-ins now join content, editor, and search plug-ins. Alternative login mechanisms from external programs, among others, can be used with the aid of these plug-ins. XML Remote Procedure Call Support XML Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC) is a specification that allows software on different systems and in different environments to communicate. All the important programming languages are supported and there are libraries that change the code into XML-RPC (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/XML-RPC). Joomla! lso offers such an interface. With it, for instance, it is possible to post an image from Flickr or write an article with OpenOffice and to subsequently publish it in Joomla! This opens up fascinating options for developers; for example they can now access Joomla! from a Java program. Support of Several Databases Joomla! 1. 5 contains an abstraction layer that makes it possible to ru n Joomla! with various database versions. However, only one of these databases can be used for each particular Joomla! installation. At the moment MySQL 4. x, 5. x are supported. Additional databases will be supported in the future. FTP System An FTP layer has been added to avoid problems with file access rights. Therefore, installation of new components and other uploads can be handled via PHP upload and via FTP. The service providers restrictive (but reasonable) approach in terms of the PHP language had made the installation of extensions and the downloading of files in general, more difficult. Overhaul of the Joomla! Framework There has been no such thing as a framework in terms of a packaged kit for Joomla! functionality so far. It did, however, become crystal clear after the fork that the old Mambo source code had to be improved just about everywhere. It became necessary to rewrite and code Joomla! s functionality cleanly. A framework has to be flexible, scalable, separated from the output, and above all be comprehensible so that a third-party developer can write good components in a reasonable amount of time. A proprietary API (Application Programming Interface) is essential for that. [ 20 ] Chapter 1 Barrier Freedom Barrier freedom is an important topic and it has been a legal obligation in Germany for government websites to be barrier free since the first of January 2006. W3C has written standards for it. Joomla! 1. 5 already has a omplete barrier free template (Beez) and with it the option to comply with these standards. Barrier freedom is achieved by compliance with these standards (valid HTML/ XHTML) and by the complete separation of content (text, images, etc. ) from layout by the use of cascading style sheets (CSS). This statement applies 100% to the front end at the moment. The administration area is also scheduled to bec ome completely barrier free in later versions. Currently it can be used by at least a person without vision. Search Engine Friendliness Support for search-engine friendly URLs has been removed from the Joomla! ore and swapped into a plug-in. This makes it possible to add functionality with third-party components, which was very difficult before. Google Summer of Code Projects Since 2005 Google has been supporting talented students and their ideas in its Summer of Code Project (http://code. google. com/soc/2007/) with certain open-source projects to the tune of $ 4,500 each. Instead of taking whatever summer job is available to earn money, they can work on their hobby for the collective good and of course also to the benefit of Google. Every year the Summer of Code brings stunning amounts of PR, good ideas, and good programmers to Google. The opens of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org In order to get a feeling for what Joomla! pages look like and whether the Joomla! page even exists, have a look at a few: This is of course one of the largest Joomla! websites. [ 23 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Travel Shop, Ireland A tourist industry website with an interesting menu system from joomlart. com Frank Ludtke, Germany A successful combination of Joomla! and Coppermine photo-gallery. [ 24 ] Chapter 1 Hotel Schonruh, Austria A simple website of a hotel in the Ziller valley. Urth. tv, USA A social platform for citizens of the world! 25 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations unric. org, Europe The United Nations is also working with Joomla!. In this case thirteen languages have to be displayed on the website. [ 26 ] Chapter 1 porsche. com. br, Brazil Last but not least the Stuttgart SP Veiculos Ltd from Sao Paulo. This company has taken part in the entire history of development from Mambo to Joomla! and has now upgraded to Joomla! 1. 5. You can find a listing of Joomla! websites in the Site Showcase of the forum at: http://forum. joomla. org/index. php/board,58. 0. html Summary In this chapter we took a quick glance at the history of Joomla! and discussed the structure of WCMS. We familiarized ourselves with the Joomla! versions and features and saw a few Joomla! -powered pages. [ 27 ] Installation The installation of Joomla! is a matter of five minutes. If you have installed it before, you can do it in three minutes. You will have the opportunity to test this claim in Chapter 16. In order to be able to even start the installation, your development environment must include a web server that supports PHP and a database that is supported by Joomla!. The Joomla! files are copied into this system and are then installed with a web installer. This type of an environment is also called a Client-Server System. Client-Server System A Client-Server System is a network structure, in which an unlimited number of work stations (clients) can access services offered by a central server. The server is responsible for the delivery of the services. The client can communicate with the server and supplies the actual user interface. The client is an Internet browser. The servers, in our case, are called Apache and MySQL. Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet So you have a rough idea of what is going on behind the curtains, here is a simplified list of what has to happen in order for a computer to be able to access a Joomla! website: Establish an Internet connection via a provider. Call up the requested web address (URL) from the browser. The browser makes contact with the web server. The web server sends a query to the PHP-language interpreter that is installed on the server. The PHP language interpreter calls the Joomla! PHP files and interprets them. Installation The PHP interpreter requests the necessary data from the database. The PHP interpreter creates either HTML or XHTML code, depending on the web server used. The web server delivers the page or the generated code to the client browser. The browser detects pointers to CSS and other files (images, flash elements, etc. ) in the page just received and requests these from the web server separately. While loading all the necessary resources, the browser attempts to parse and render the page, in other words to take it apart and to display it. You can see from this course of events that the system consists of a lot of components that have no specific relation to Joomla! at all. Technical Requirements for Joomla! Joomla! requires the following: An installed and functioning web server, for instance Apache version 1. 13. 19 or later or Microsoft IIS. PHP scripting language version 4. 3 or later and support for MySQL and Zlib has to be compiled in PHP. Zlib is a library that enables PHP to read file packages that have been compressed with the ZIP procedure. The MySQL database system from version 3. 23. x on or with Unicode character sets MySQL from 4. 1. x on. Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation You can: Set the system up locally on your PC Set the system up on a server in a companys Intranet Rent a virtual server from a provider Rent or purchase a server from a provider (with root access) [ 30 ] You need all the components mentioned above to install a Joomla! system for yourself. PC, browser, and Internet connection are usually available. There are a number of options for web server, PHP interpreter, and database. Chapter 2 You can also: Have the web server and database located on computers that are physically separated from each other You can also, of course, use different: Brands of web servers Versions of PHP interpreters Versions of MySQL databases And on top of that, you can install and operate all these components on various operating systems. This freedom in choice of resources sometimes confuses the layperson, therefore we will discuss a few typical scenarios. Local Test Environment In the scenario where you are at home or in your office and want to set up a Joomla! website, then you can use any of the following operating systems. Windows Operating System For a Windows operating system you can use either of two web servers: Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista Ultimate both come with a web server, the Internet Information Server. You still have to install PHP and a database, and then youre ready. You take a preconfigured package (XAMPP), unpack it on your computer, and everything you need is there. Linux Operating System Here it depends on the distribution version you have. All the distributions allow simple installation (with a click of the mouse) of the Apache, PHP, and MySQL packages. At times, depending on distribution, they may already be preinstalled. So you can use: The programs contained in the distribution. A preconfigured package (XAMPP); extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. [ 31 ] Installation Mac OS X Operating System In Mac OS X operating system, you have a default web server (Apache) in your system that you have to activate, but unfortunately not PHP. There is no official version of PHP for Mac OS X, but there is a PHP Apache module that you can install ( entropy. ch/software/macosx/php/). There are executable versions of MySQL for Mac OS X, which can be installed after the relevant download (http://dev. mysql. com/downloads/mysql/5. 0. html). So you can use: The installed Apache web server and install the missing software. The preconfigured XAMPP package for Mac OS X. Extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. Another complete package by the name of MAMP is also very popular with the Mac OS X environment ( mamp. info). Production Environment You have several options here as well. Rented Virtual Server You rent a web-space package with database, PHP support, and often also your domain name from a provider. In this case you have a functional environment and you can install your Joomla! into it. Consult your provider as to the version choices (PHP, MySQL). Sometimes providers offer Joomla! preinstalled with various templates. If this is so, all you have to do is activate Joomla! with a click of the mouse and it is ready for you. Your Own Server You rent a server from a provider and install the operating system of your choice. You are the administrator of the system and you can work on it, just like on your PC at home. Before you venture into the wilderness of the Internet, you should first practice on your local computer. This has the advantage that there are no connection fees, it is very fast, and you can practice at a leisurely pace. You may even have a small local network at home where you can install Joomla! on one computer and access it from another. [ 32 ] Chapter 2 Remember, that there are probably more current versions on the respective project sites on the Internet. If you install Joomla! in the wild, on a server on the Internet, you should always use the latest stable version. Never install a Beta version for a production site! Setting Up the Local Server Environment To install Joomla! locally you have to set up the appropriate server environment as described previously. Windows Windows is extremely user-friendly and immensely popular. Over 90 percent of all PCs work with Windows as their operating system. Windows XP and Windows Vista are the dominating versions. Unfortunately the Apache web server and the MySQL database, and PHP are not included with Windows. You could install each of these programs separately, or grab a preconfigured package (this is very practical and it will save your nerves). In Windows XP and Windows Vista, you log on to your system in administrator mode. If you dont know if you have administrator rights, check your account type: click Start | Control Panel | User Accounts and change your rights if necessary: [ 33 ] Installation XAMPP for Windows XAMPP is a project by Kai Oswald Seidler and Kay Vogelgesang. For several years now, these two have been cooking up a complete