Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Environmental policy refers to the commitment of an organization or a country to a set of laws or regulations that address environmental issues. The environment consists of the air and water as well as soil, which constitutes the land, the ecosystem, and wildlife. In formulating these policies, governments aim to conduct management of all waste, protection of natural resources and endangered wildlife. Environmental conservation also deals with the regulation put in place to maintain biodiversity as well as maintaining the ecosystem. Environmental policies should also address the problems arising from human impact on the natural environment. Environmental instruments are tools that assist the government in implementing their policies. Such instruments include tax exemptions on companies that are environmentally friendly. The government may also choose to offer economic incentives to the firm in the private sector that engage in waste management and disposal. They could also restrict or issue trading permits to companies that comply with the set environmental policy. Another instrument that the government is keen on employing is bilateral agreements between itself and private firms. This entails non-governmental voluntary organizations that engage in environmental conservation projects. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Conservation Lands and Rural Economic Growth or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Governments also offer subsidies to green companies to increase their purchasing power. However, in the quest to develop the countryside, there have been concerns about the effects this is going to have on the environment. Human activities are a major concern when it comes to environmental degradation. For instance, agriculture is a key developmental activity that rural populations practice to gain income in rural areas. Agricultural activities include farming, irrigational farming fishing, and meat production. This section of the paper will look at the adverse effects agricultural activities have on our environment in general. Fishing is a source of livelihood for many living close to water bodies.

Windsurfing History

Windsurfing or boardsailing is a sport that combines sailing and surfing. It uses a one-person craft called a sailboard thats comprised of a board and a rig. The Inventors of the Board The sailboard had its humble beginnings in 1948 when Newman Darby first conceived of using a handheld sail and rig mounted on a universal joint to control a small catamaran. While Darby did not file for a patent for his design, he is generally recognized as the inventor of the first sailboard.  Darby did eventually file for and receive a design patent for a one-person sailboat in the 1980s. His design was called the Darby 8 SS sidestep hull. But by then other inventors had patented designs for a sailboard. The first patent for a sailboard was awarded to sailor and engineer Jim Drake and surfer and skier Hoyle Schweitzer  in 1970 (filed 1968 - reissued 1983).  They called their design a Windsurfer, which measured 12 feet (3.5 m) long and weighed 60 pounds (27 kg). Drake and Schweitzer based the Windsurfer on Darbys original ideas and fully credited him with its invention. According to the official Windsurfing website: The heart of the invention (and patent) was mounting a sail on a universal joint, requiring the sailor to support the rig, and allowing the rig to be tilted in any direction. This tilting of the rig fore and aft allows the board to be steered without the use of a rudder — the only sail craft able to do so. In a patent abstract, Drake  and Schweitzer describe their invention as a ...wind-propelled apparatus in which a mast is universally mounted on a craft and supports a boom and sail. Specifically, a pair of curved booms are accurately connected athwart the mast and secure the sail there between the position of the mast and sail being controllable by the user but being substantially free from pivotal restraint in the absence of such control. Schweitzer began mass-producing polyethylene sailboards (Windsurfer design) in the early 1970s. The sport became very popular in Europe.  The first world championship of windsurfing was held in 1973  and, by the late 70s, windsurfing fever had Europe firmly in its grasp with one in every three households having a sailboard. Windsurfing would go on to become an Olympic sport in 1984 for men and 1992 for women. The First Woman on the Board Newmans wife  Naomi Darby  is generally considered the first woman windsurfer and helped her husband build and design the first sailboard. Together, Newman and Naomi Darby described their invention in their article The Birth of Windsurfing: Newman Darby found he could steer a conventional 3 meter sailboat by tipping it fore and aft enough to make turns even without a rudder. This is when (late 1940s) Newman got interested in steering a boat without a rudder. Several sailboats and 2 1/2 decades later (1964) he designed the first universal joint to go along with a flat bottom sailing scow. This sailboard was fitted with a universal joint mast, a centerboard, tail fin and kite shaped free sail and thus windsurfing was born.

Overview and Explanation of ZIP Codes

ZIP Codes, five-digit numbers that represent small areas of the United States, were created by the United States Postal Service in 1963 to aid in the efficiency of delivering the ever-increasing volume of mail. The term ZIP is short for Zone Improvement Plan. The First Mail Coding System During World War II, the United States Postal Service (USPS) suffered from a shortage of experienced laborers who left the country to serve in the military. In order to deliver mail more efficiently, the USPS created a coding system in 1943 to divide delivery areas within the 124 largest cities in the country. The code would appear between the city and the state (e.g., Seattle 6, Washington). By the 1960s, the volume of mail (and population) had dramatically increased as a vast majority of the nations mail was no longer personal correspondence but business mail such as bills, magazines, and advertisements. The post office needed a better system to manage the huge quantities of material that moved through the mail each day.   Creating the ZIP Code System The USPS developed major mail processing centers on the outskirts of major metropolitan areas to avoid the transportation problems and delays of transporting mail directly to the center of cities. With the development of the processing centers, the  United States Postal Service established ZIP (Zone Improvement Program) Codes. The idea for a ZIP Code System originated with Philadelphia postal inspector Robert Moon in 1944. Moon thought that a new coding system was needed, believing that the end of mail by train was soon to come and instead, planes were to be a huge part of the mails future. Interestingly, it took nearly 20 years to convince the USPS that a new code was needed and to implement it. ZIP Codes, which were first announced to the public on July 1, 1963, were designed to help better distribute the growing amount of mail in the United States. Every address in the United States was assigned a specific ZIP Code. At this time, however, the use of ZIP Codes was still optional. In 1967, the use of ZIP Codes was made mandatory for bulk mailers and the public caught on quickly. In order to further streamline mail processing, in 1983 the USPS added a four-digit code to the end of ZIP Codes, the ZIP4, to break ZIP Codes into smaller geographic regions based on delivery routes. Decoding the Code The five-digit ZIP Codes begin with a digit from 0-9 that represents a region of the United States. 0 represents the northeastern U.S. and 9 is used for the western states (see list below). The next two digits identify a commonly linked transportation region and the last two digits pinpoint the correct processing center and post office.   ZIP Codes were created to expedite mail processing, not to identify neighborhoods or regions. Their boundaries are based on the logistical and transportation needs of the United States Postal Service and not on neighborhoods, watersheds, or community cohesion. It is troubling that so much geographic data is based and available based only on ZIP Codes.   Using ZIP Code-based geographic data is not an excellent choice, especially since ZIP Code boundaries are subject to change at any time and do not represent true communities or neighborhoods. ZIP Code data is not appropriate for many geographic purposes, but has, unfortunately, come to be the standard for dividing up cities, communities, or counties into different neighborhoods. It would be wise for data providers and mapmakers alike to avoid the use of ZIP Codes when developing geographic products but there is often no other consistent method of determining neighborhoods within the diverse geographies of the local political boundaries of the United States. The Nine ZIP Code Regions of the United States There are a handful of exceptions to this list where parts of a state are in a different region but for the most part, the states lie within one of the following nine ZIP Code regions: 0 - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire,  Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. 1 - New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 2 - Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., North Carolina and South Carolina 3 - Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida 4 - Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky 5 - Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin 6 - Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas 7 - Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana 8 - Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada 9 - California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii Fun ZIP Code Facts Lowest: 00501 is the lowest numbered ZIP Code, which is for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in Holtsville, New York Highest: 99950 corresponds to Ketchikan, Alaska 12345: The easiest ZIP Code goes to the headquarters of General Electric in Schenectady, New York Total Number: As of June 2015, there are 41,733 ZIP Codes in the U.S. Number of People: Each ZIP Code contains approximately 7,500 people Mr. Zip: A cartoon character, created by Harold Wilcox of the Cunningham and Walsh advertising company, used by USPS in the 1960s and 70s to promote the ZIP Code system. Secret: The President and the first family have their own, private ZIP Code that is not publicly known.

The United States Uses Fossil Fuels For 81 Percent Of Its

The United States uses fossil fuels for 81 percent of its the total energy. It is estimated that the world will use all of the fossil fuels sometime in the next 50-100 years. Either we need to find a way of slowing down the use of fossil fuels or we need to convert to a new source of energy. Renewable energy is the most viable option because we cannot run out of renewable energy. The convergence of Las Vegas and Google are examples of why, as a country, we need to use more renewable energy. The United States is the second biggest consumer of fossil fuels and the biggest consumer of renewable energy. However, our renewable energy usage is only 19 percent of our total energy usage. We may be number one, but only have that number at 19†¦show more content†¦Until we have someone step on and make this decision, we are going to keep burning through our fossil fuels Las Vegas, Nevada, is the largest city in the United States to run only on renewable resources. In 2008 the city too k a vote to become a cleaner city. As of December 20th, 2015 Las Vegas Mayor Carolyn Goodman state the city achieved their goal. Since the start of the project, Las Vegas has reportedly saved $5 million a year. They achieved this by using solar energy. The city putting solar panels on top of company buildings, using geothermal plants, and creating Boulder Solar 1. Boulder Solar 1 is a solar energy company located just outside the city. Goodman did what more cities need to do. Goodman spent money to get the project started. She knew the project was going to be negative to start, but once it got going to was going to be worth the investment. In many people’s eyes, it was worth it. Homeowners took a toll for a bit. Taxes went up for a couple of years. Now that the project is complete, taxes are coming back down. Home values went up on an average of $3,000 to $5,000. Homeowners are now saving $4,000 an average each year. These small amounts add up. Over a 25 year period, a homeow ner will save $100,000. With homeowners having more money to spend, the economy of the city will grow. Another benefit to this project is it created more sustainable jobs in the city. Goodman’sShow MoreRelatedSwitzerland Is Best Known For Their Cheese, Chocolate And Watches1126 Words   |  5 Pagescountries, like the United States. Similar to the Kyoto Protocol, the Swiss Energy Program introduced a CO2 Act, which planned to reduce their carbon emissions by ten percent by the year 2010. They were slightly successful, however compared to the United States, their carbon emissions are unsubstantial. Switzerland also implemented a Nuclear Phase-out plan which would completely stop the use of nuclear energy by the year 2034. Since Switzerland uses nuclear energy for 40 percent of their energy, thisRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Theory1469 Words   |  6 PagesCurrently, fossil fuels are the main producers of greenhouse gases. 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The Beautiful Country Of Honduras - 848 Words

The beautiful country of Honduras is located geographically at the heart of Central America. However, the most important location of this country is in the heart of every Catracho(a); Spanish term for those born or raised at Honduras. To be a Catracho(a) goes far beyond than just sharing territory or the nationality of Honduras. It means sharing an accent, slangs, food, beliefs, values, and folkways that will be detailed further in the paper. Such subculture goes beyond territorial boundaries, a Catracho(a) can reside in any part of the world and still relate to the same shared tangible or intangible items. Therefore, Catracho(a) are a subculture of the Hispanic/Latino culture. Differences in the way a Catracho(a) speaks are evident when citizens from Central American countries are at the same place and speaking to one another. Starting with the accent; it will differ depending on the country you were raised. Costa Ricans have an â€Å"r† phoneme, where in some instances it can sound similarly (not exactly) like an â€Å"l†. Nicaraguans do not pronounce the â€Å"s† at the end of a word and it sounds as if it is substituted by a type of short and soft â€Å"h†. Catrachos(as) pronounce the â€Å"j† and â€Å"s† in an aspirated way, as softly as the â€Å"h† in English or might not be pronounced at all. Intangible and tangible slangs, objects, and actions will have a specific meaning according to the country. Catrachos(as) refer to sharpener as saca puntas but Nicaraguans refer to them as. For earringsShow MoreRelatedHonduras And Its Impact On American Culture1582 Words   |  7 PagesSome people hear the country Honduras and immediately picture the incredible diving offered, others feel pity and fear as they imagine the incredibly high rates of violent crimes. While both perspectives are true, Honduras has a plethora of fascinating traits. 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It is known for being the smallest Central American country and has an area equal to that of Massachusetts, it is also the only one with an Atlantic coastline (Geography). The majority of El Salvador s land is made up of a chain of volcanoes that expands throughout the Northern side of the country. The current government of El Salvador is a RepublicanRead MoreJamaicas Original Inhabitants Were The Arawak Indians1046 Words   |  5 Pages1962. Jamaica is a very interesting country to research; the location, geographic features, population, climate, language, tourism and the way the people dress have the most interesting facts about this country. Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles located on the North Western Caribbean Sea. The continent Jamaica is located on is North America. Countries that are close to this country is Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Jamaica is located

Hazards Found in the Workshops & Labs Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Health and Safety at Workplace. Answer: Introduction Safety is a critical issue for any work environment. Employees must keep in mind their training and safety measures while working in hazardous conditions. In this report we will learn about the hazards found in labs like welding lab, electric lab and chemical lab. Potential hazards have to be identified and assessed. We will also learn about the control measures that are taken in place to reduce accidents and deaths. Welding Lab Arc welding is considered a safe profession when proper measures and precautions are taken(Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, 2014). But if these precautions and measures are ignored the workers working in a welding workshop face an array of hazards that can be potentially dangerous to their life. Some of these hazards are:- Electric shocks:- A welder is in immediate risk of getting an electric shock while welding if he is not taking proper safety measures. These shocks take place when the welders touch the metal objects that conduct high voltage between them. They unknowingly insert themselves in the electrical circuit for e.g when a worker holds a bare wire with his hand the electric current will run through his body and give him a higher voltage shock. Injuries caused by the electric shocks can cause death(Jingxiang Qin, 2014). Usually the secondary shocks in welding are caused by arc welding circuits that can have an electric shock as high as 100 volts. In order to prevent electric shocks it is necessary that all workers should wear gloves that are in good condition. They should always keep dry insulation between them and their body. Insulations should be checked regularly for damages. Gases and Fumes:-welding work includes exposure to various gases and fumes. Overexposure to these gases could be very hazardous to your health as these fumes contain harmful metal oxides, base oxides and based metals(Marta Regina Cezar-Vaz, 2015). Welding workshops should always have good ventilation system and exhaust system. It is crucial that these workshops have removable fixed and removable hoods(L. G. Cena, 2016). All welding operators should be informed about the threshold limits of exposure substances. All operators should wear approved respirators that could protect them from metal plating fumes, galvanizing fumes and paint fumes. (Azian HARIRI, 2014 ) Explosions and fire:-the welding arc produces extreme temperatures that have a high fire and explosion risk. The temperature can reach as high as 10,000 degree Fahrenheit. The arc creates sparks, spatter and heat that can reach as far as 35 feet far from the arc. To prevent accidents any flammable substances should be removed from the welding area. Operators should be aware about the nearest fire exists, location of the fire hoses and sand buckets. Injuries from insufficient protective equipment:- the PPE ( Personal Protective Equipment) such as burns, are common in welding work. It is important the PPE are chosen with care to provide protection along with freedom of movement. Cheap PPEs should not be used as they are not fire resistant and would melt and burn with contact with fire. Workers should be advised not to roll their sleeves and pant cuffs as they can deposit hot metal and burn. Work boots should be worn always that can tuck in the pants leaving no loose openings. Workers should be provided with helmets that have side shields that protect the skin and eyes. These helmets protect the wearer from any debris that may hit the eyes. Electric Lab Hazards Every year thousands die from electric shocks from circuits at work and home(Wafa Tourab, 2016). Workers working in electrical labs should be instructed and informed about the electrical hazards and risks involved. Spark hazards and static electricity:- sparks and explosions can occur when flammable liquids are present in the vicinity of electrical work(Haji Omid Kalte, 2014 ). These sparks are caused by braking of the electrical circuit while its being energized. Contact injuries:- many cuts, abrasions and burns can occur if the sheathing around wires and cables are open or frayed. Use of extension cords:- extension cords should not be substituted for permanent wirings. It is not a replacement for the permanent electrical supply. Extension cords should not be drilled through ceilings, windows, floors, walls and doors. Special precaution should be taken if these extension cords are being used as they have a specific wire size, temperature range, and construction type. Electrical equipment repairs:-repairs are unavoidable in any work place but special care should be taken while working with electrical units. Fuses and circuits should be turmed off before starting the repair. It is crucial to deenergize the system before starting any work. Workers should be informed not to wear any jewelry, like necklaces, bracelets and watches. (Ajay Lunawat, 2015),(A Kraut, 1990) Care should be taken to use voltmeters with proper rating as a low voltage voltmeter would explode under high voltage. Power strips should be used that have fuses and circuits breakers in them. Workers should always be advised to use tools that have a non-conductive cover. They should be advised to wear gloves at all times. They should be advised to probe and check hot components and hot wires by one hand at a time so that they can prevent getting a shock(Olugbenga Oludiran, 2011). Water sources and metal materials should not be in the vicinity of the electrical work area. Workers should also be advised to avoid leaving any cords and cables hanging in the open as they can cause someone to trip and injure themselves. Cords should never be conceded or attached behind building surfaces. Everyone working in the lab should be properly trained in the safety guidelines. Chemicla Lab Hazards Workers working in academic, clinical and industrial laboratories have health and physical threats from hazardous chemicals. These chemicals are toxic, hepatoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, carcinogenic, irritant and corrosive that may damage the eyes, mucous membranes, skin and lungs. Thermal and chemical burns:- many chemicals such as alkalis and mineral acids are corrosive to skin and eyes. Acid halides, and phenols are toxic and corrosive if they are spilled. Absorption of chemicals:- chemicals can be absorbed through the skin and can have serious effects. People can have allergic reactions to chemicals if they are repeatedly exposed to them. It is important that workers are advised to wear gloves while working. These gloves provide a layer of protection that could permeate through the skin. Inhaling chemicals:-the solvents that are used in chemicals labs are toxic to inhale. Chemicals like Acetyl Chloride irritate the membranes in longs, throat, eyes and nose. Some chemicals like Benzyl Chloride cause tears and eye irritation(Montano, 2014). Workers should always be provided with hood and should consult their instructor if they are not sure about some chemical. Gases created by chemicals either due to buildup in the air or due to pressure risk are dangerous for people working around them. Substances like mercury, lead, and phosphorus are really dangerous if ingested or inhaled. Fume cupboards should be maintained to ensure that they are efficiently extracting the dangerous fumes. Ingestion of chemicals:-workers are at risk of ingesting chemicals accidently through their hands, through pipets and through food and drinks that are contaminated. Workers should never use mouth suction instead it is crucial that they should be provided with pipets with suction bulbs. Workers should always wash their hands before chewing gum, food, and smoking cigarettes. Always remember to wash your hands before leaving the lab. Chemicals such as mercury should be stored in containers made from polyethylene material. If any of it is spilled it should be painstakingly cleaned by using trapped vacuum line. (Imed Gargouri, 2011) Improper labeling:- Many of these hazards are caused by improper labeling. Chemicals that are not stable and ones that deteriote with time should have complete identification slips that should be stuck to the container. Unlabeled bottles should be disposed very carefully. Transportation of chemicals:- all chemicals which are not in sealed containers should be transported in chemical transport carts and rubber buckets. Chemicals should never be carried in carts that do not have side rails as they fall and bottles can break. Chemicals should never be stored in overhead storage(Paul Becker, 2004 ). Flammable chemicals should be refrigerated in storage refrigerators. Chemicals should not be stored according to alphabetical order as it may cause mutually reactive chemicals to be stored next to each other. Chemicals that produce stench and are injurious to inhale should be kept in properly ventilated cabinet. It is important to consider all chemicals as dangerous. Spill kits should be provided in every laboratory and workshop that has solvents, bases and acids that has directions which should be used for which chemical spill. Conclusion Accidents caused in the laboratories and workshops are usually caused by the ignorance and carelessness of the workers. All workers and employers should have safety guidelines outlined and safety precautions listed. Many times accidents resulting from fire, chemical, thermal and explosions are caused simultaneously therefore it is important that workers are properly trained and are informed about these hazards. References A Kraut, R. L. (1990). Pulmonary effects of acute exposure to degradation products of sulphur hexafluoride during electrical cable repair work. Br J Ind Med., 829832. Ajay Lunawat, S. M. (2015). Evaluation of Quantum of Disability as Sequelae of Electric Burn Injuries. J Clin Diagn Res, PC01PC04. Azian HARIRI, N. A. (2014 ). Development of Welding Fumes Health Index (WFHI) for Welding Workplaces Safety and Health Assessment. Iran J Public Health, 10451059. Haji Omid Kalte, A. H. (2014 ). Analysis of electrical accidents and the related causes involving citizens who are served by the Western of Tehran. Electron Physician, 820826. Imed Gargouri, M. K.-N. (2011). A case study on co-exposure to a mixture of organic solvents in a Tunisian adhesive-producing company. J Occup Med Toxicol, 28. Jingxiang Qin, W. L. (2014). Health Related Quality of Life and Influencing Factors among Welders. PLoS One, 82.G. Cena, M. J. (2016). A Novel Method for Assessing Respiratory Deposition of Welding Fume Nanoparticles. J Occup Environ Hyg, 771780. Marta Regina Cezar-Vaz, C. A. (2015). Risk Communication Concerning Welding Fumes for the Primary Preventive Care of Welding Apprentices in Southern Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 9861002. Montano, D. (2014). Chemical and biological work-related risks across occupations in Europe: a review. J Occup Med Toxicol, 28. Olugbenga Oludiran, K. I. (2011). Electrical Burn Injury in MidWestern Nigeria. J West Afr Coll Surg, 1828. Paul Becker, J. M. (2004 ). Impacts of Health and Safety Education: Comparison of Worker Activities Before and After Training. Am J Ind Med, 6370. Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, S. B. ( 2014). Awareness of occupational hazards and use of safety measures among welders: a cross-sectional study from eastern Nepal. BMJ Open, 64. Wafa Tourab, A. B. (2016). Measurement and Modeling of Personal Exposure to the Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of High Voltage Power Lines. Saf Health Work., 102110.

The criminal justice system free essay sample

The criminal justice system ensures the safety and protection of society from criminal offenders. The process of the criminal justice system begins when a criminal offense is reported to law enforcement officials. If required, an investigation begins, leading to a warrant and arrest. Following the arrest, bail is set and a preliminary hearing is scheduled. If the defendant is indicted, a trial date is set. Providing the defendant does not waive the right to a jury trial, a jury is selected and the trial begins. If the defendant is found guilty, a sentence is imposed, usually within a few days of the jury’s verdict. If the defendant wishes, he or she can then appeal the guilty verdict and sentencing, thus beginning the trial process again. Police officers, detectives, prosecutors, and defense attorneys make great  efforts to ensure justice is served swiftly and fairly, thus creating a strong and effective criminal justice system. New York became the first police department in 1 844 when they combined the night and day forces. Telephones, automobiles, and radios all had a significant impact on policing. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) became the nations investigative arrive to apprehend offenders quickly for committing federal crimes.Today the police are commissioned individuals that an oath to enforce the laws of the city, county, state, and nation. They are charged with the investigation and arrest Of crimes. Once a criminal act has occurred the police begin their investigation. They begin their investigation through the gathering of information. Many criminals are arrested on the scene of a crime, whereas others are arrested later through the issuance of an arrest warrant. Arrest warrants are issued a judge. During an arrest the criminal should be read his or her Miranda rights. The offender does not have to answer any questions because of the Fifth Amendment.After an offender has been arrested the booking process begins. The booking process is an administrative process in which pictures are taken, finger prints are completed and personal information is taken (F. Schmeltzer 2009). The Courts There are two types of court functions in the United States: the state court and the federal court. Lawyer and judge are required to pass Bar examination. All criminal cases begin in the state trial courts. At the court level the offender will go before a judge where the offender has now become he defendant and will be told of his or her charges and advised of their rights.At the same time bail is set. Bond may take the form of a cash deposit or a property bond in which a house or other properties are put up for release. If a defendant does not have a lawyer one will be afforded for them to defend them from the alleged crime. After the bond process the court moves to the preliminary hearing. The preliminary hearing establishes whether there is enough evidence to continue with the case. An indictment is written after the preliminary hearing so that the case can go to a grand jury.A grand jury is a group of jurors that have been selected and sworn to hear the evidence and determine whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. The arraignment is the offender or defendant makes his or her first appearance. At the arraignment the accused is again notified of his or her rights and asked to enter a plea of not guilty, guilty, and no contest. The Sixth Amendment to the United States, states that every person has a right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district (http://WV. W. Adjourns. Com). Once the defendant has been found guilty the sentencing phase is next.During this process the defendant can be given a wide range of sentences from a fine to a long-term prison sentence. Sentences can be given as consecutive or concur rent. Corrections The third and final component is corrections. Prisons are not the same large massive structures of the past. Prisons were built with large stone walls to isolate offenders. Todays prisons are much larger than those from yester year. Corrections are charged with the rehabilitation and reintegration of all offenders that are wards of the state or government. The corrections portion is the most dangerous of the three components. The corrections component is divided into three different functions: probation, parole, and prisons or jails. Today prison and jail population has more than doubled in the last 20 years. Early prison terms were some of the hardest and most inhumane to live in. Today offenders have just as many rights as someone that is not in prison. Every state prison system is dealing with the fact of overcrowding. For example, Texas has more than 158,000 offenders in 115 different state and privet facilities. The different levels of prisons rang from minimum custody (minimum security) to maximum custody (maximum security).